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Issue Cover for Volume 16, Number 3—March 2010

Volume 16, Number 3—March 2010

[PDF - 5.47 MB - 219 pages]

Perspective

Preparing a Community Hospital to Manage Work-related Exposures to Infectious Agents in BioSafety Level 3 and 4 Laboratories [PDF - 178 KB - 6 pages]
G. F. Risi et al.

Construction of new BioSafety Level (BSL) 3 and 4 laboratories has raised concerns regarding provision of care to exposed workers because of healthcare worker (HCW) unfamiliarity with precautions required. When the National Institutes of Health began construction of a new BSL-4 laboratory in Hamilton, Montana, USA, in 2005, they contracted with St. Patrick Hospital in Missoula, Montana, for care of those exposed. A care and isolation unit is described. We developed a training program for HCWs that emphasized the optimal use of barrier precautions and used pathogen-specific modules and simulations with mannequins and fluorescent liquids that represented infectious body fluids. The facility and training led to increased willingness among HCWs to care for patients with all types of communicable diseases. This model may be useful for other hospitals, whether they support a BSL-4 facility, are in the proximity of a BSL-3 facility, or are interested in upgrading their facilities to prepare for exotic and novel infectious diseases.

EID Risi GF, Bloom ME, Hoe NP, Arminio T, Carlson P, Powers T, et al. Preparing a Community Hospital to Manage Work-related Exposures to Infectious Agents in BioSafety Level 3 and 4 Laboratories. Emerg Infect Dis. 2010;16(3):373-378. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1603.091485
AMA Risi GF, Bloom ME, Hoe NP, et al. Preparing a Community Hospital to Manage Work-related Exposures to Infectious Agents in BioSafety Level 3 and 4 Laboratories. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2010;16(3):373-378. doi:10.3201/eid1603.091485.
APA Risi, G. F., Bloom, M. E., Hoe, N. P., Arminio, T., Carlson, P., Powers, T....Wilson, D. (2010). Preparing a Community Hospital to Manage Work-related Exposures to Infectious Agents in BioSafety Level 3 and 4 Laboratories. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 16(3), 373-378. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1603.091485.

Bartonella spp. Transmission by Ticks Not Established [PDF - 211 KB - 6 pages]
S. R. Telford and G. P. Wormser

Bartonella spp. infect humans and many animal species. Mainly because PCR studies have demonstrated Bartonella DNA in ticks, some healthcare providers believe that these microorganisms are transmitted by ticks. B. henselae, in particular, is regarded as being present in and transmissible by the Ixodes scapularis tick. The presence of a microbial agent within a tick, however, does not imply that the tick might transmit it during the course of blood feeding and does not confer epidemiologic importance. After a critical review of the evidence for and against tick transmission, we conclude that transmission of any Bartonella spp. by ticks, to animals or humans, has not been established. We are unaware of any well-documented case of B. henselae transmission by I. scapularis ticks.

EID Telford SR, Wormser GP. Bartonella spp. Transmission by Ticks Not Established. Emerg Infect Dis. 2010;16(3):379-384. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1603.090443
AMA Telford SR, Wormser GP. Bartonella spp. Transmission by Ticks Not Established. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2010;16(3):379-384. doi:10.3201/eid1603.090443.
APA Telford, S. R., & Wormser, G. P. (2010). Bartonella spp. Transmission by Ticks Not Established. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 16(3), 379-384. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1603.090443.

Potential for Tick-borne Bartonelloses [PDF - 184 KB - 7 pages]
E. Angelakis et al.

As worldwide vectors of human infectious diseases, ticks are considered to be second only to mosquitoes. Each tick species has preferred environmental conditions and biotopes that determine its geographic distribution, the pathogens it vectors, and the areas that pose risk for tick-borne diseases. Researchers have identified an increasing number of bacterial pathogens that are transmitted by ticks, including Anaplasma, Borrelia, Ehrlichia, and Rickettsia spp. Recent reports involving humans and canines suggest that ticks should be considered as potential vectors of Bartonella spp. To strengthen this suggestion, numerous molecular surveys to detect Bartonella DNA in ticks have been conducted. However, there is little evidence that Bartonella spp. can replicate within ticks and no definitive evidence of transmission by a tick to a vertebrate host.

EID Angelakis E, Billeter SA, Breitschwerdt EB, Chomel BB, Raoult D. Potential for Tick-borne Bartonelloses. Emerg Infect Dis. 2010;16(3):385-391. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1603.091685
AMA Angelakis E, Billeter SA, Breitschwerdt EB, et al. Potential for Tick-borne Bartonelloses. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2010;16(3):385-391. doi:10.3201/eid1603.091685.
APA Angelakis, E., Billeter, S. A., Breitschwerdt, E. B., Chomel, B. B., & Raoult, D. (2010). Potential for Tick-borne Bartonelloses. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 16(3), 385-391. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1603.091685.
Research

Serologic Markers for Detecting Malaria in Areas of Low Endemicity, Somalia, 2008 [PDF - 260 KB - 8 pages]
T. Bousema et al.

Areas in which malaria is not highly endemic are suitable for malaria elimination, but assessing transmission is difficult because of lack of sensitivity of commonly used methods. We evaluated serologic markers for detecting variation in malaria exposure in Somalia. Plasmodium falciparum or P. vivax was not detected by microscopy in cross-sectional surveys of samples from persons during the dry (0/1,178) and wet (0/1,128) seasons. Antibody responses against P. falciparum or P. vivax were detected in 17.9% (179/1,001) and 19.3% (202/1,044) of persons tested. Reactivity against P. falciparum was significantly different between 3 villages (p<0.001); clusters of seroreactivity were present. Distance to the nearest seasonal river was negatively associated with P. falciparum (p = 0.028) and P. vivax seroreactivity (p = 0.016). Serologic markers are a promising tool for detecting spatial variation in malaria exposure and evaluating malaria control efforts in areas where transmission has decreased to levels below the detection limit of microscopy.

EID Bousema T, Youssef RM, Cook J, Cox J, Alegana VA, Amran J, et al. Serologic Markers for Detecting Malaria in Areas of Low Endemicity, Somalia, 2008. Emerg Infect Dis. 2010;16(3):392-399. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1603.090732
AMA Bousema T, Youssef RM, Cook J, et al. Serologic Markers for Detecting Malaria in Areas of Low Endemicity, Somalia, 2008. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2010;16(3):392-399. doi:10.3201/eid1603.090732.
APA Bousema, T., Youssef, R. M., Cook, J., Cox, J., Alegana, V. A., Amran, J....Drakeley, C. J. (2010). Serologic Markers for Detecting Malaria in Areas of Low Endemicity, Somalia, 2008. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 16(3), 392-399. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1603.090732.

Infection of Kissing Bugs with Trypanosoma cruzi, Tucson, Arizona, USA [PDF - 205 KB - 6 pages]
C. E. Reisenman et al.

Triatomine insects (Hemiptera: Reduviidae), commonly known as kissing bugs, are a potential health problem in the southwestern United States as possible vectors of Trypanosoma cruzi, the causative agent of Chagas disease. Although this disease has been traditionally restricted to Latin America, a small number of vector-transmitted autochthonous US cases have been reported. Because triatomine bugs and infected mammalian reservoirs are plentiful in southern Arizona, we collected triatomines inside or around human houses in Tucson and analyzed the insects using molecular techniques to determine whether they were infected with T. cruzi. We found that 41.5% of collected bugs (n = 164) were infected with T. cruzi, and that 63% of the collection sites (n = 22) yielded >1 infected specimens. Although many factors may contribute to the lack of reported cases in Arizona, these results indicate that the risk for infection in this region may be higher than previously thought.

EID Reisenman CE, Lawrence G, Guerenstein PG, Gregory T, Dotson E, Hildebrand JG. Infection of Kissing Bugs with Trypanosoma cruzi, Tucson, Arizona, USA. Emerg Infect Dis. 2010;16(3):400-405. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1603.090648
AMA Reisenman CE, Lawrence G, Guerenstein PG, et al. Infection of Kissing Bugs with Trypanosoma cruzi, Tucson, Arizona, USA. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2010;16(3):400-405. doi:10.3201/eid1603.090648.
APA Reisenman, C. E., Lawrence, G., Guerenstein, P. G., Gregory, T., Dotson, E., & Hildebrand, J. G. (2010). Infection of Kissing Bugs with Trypanosoma cruzi, Tucson, Arizona, USA. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 16(3), 400-405. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1603.090648.

Surveillance for West Nile Virus in American White Pelicans, Montana, USA, 2006–2007 [PDF - 147 KB - 6 pages]
G. P. Johnson et al.

West Nile virus (WNV)–associated deaths of American white pelican (Pelecanus erythrorhynchos) chicks have been recognized at various nesting colonies in the United States since 2002. We evaluated American white pelican nesting colonies in Sheridan County, Montana, USA, for an association between WNV-positive pelican carcasses and human West Nile neuroinvasive disease. Persons in counties hosting affected colonies had a 5× higher risk for disease than those in counties with unaffected colonies. We also investigated WNV infection and blood meal source among mosquitoes and pelican tissue type for greatest WNV detection efficacy in carcasses. WNV-infected Culex tarsalis mosquitoes were detected and blood-engorged Cx. tarsalis contained pelican DNA. Viral loads and detection consistency among pelican tissues were greatest in feather pulp, brain, heart, and skin. Given the risks posed to wildlife and human health, coordinated efforts among wildlife and public health authorities to monitor these pelican colonies for WNV activity are potentially useful.

EID Johnson GP, Nemeth NM, Hale K, Lindsey NP, Panella NA, Komar N. Surveillance for West Nile Virus in American White Pelicans, Montana, USA, 2006–2007. Emerg Infect Dis. 2010;16(3):406-411. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1603.090559
AMA Johnson GP, Nemeth NM, Hale K, et al. Surveillance for West Nile Virus in American White Pelicans, Montana, USA, 2006–2007. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2010;16(3):406-411. doi:10.3201/eid1603.090559.
APA Johnson, G. P., Nemeth, N. M., Hale, K., Lindsey, N. P., Panella, N. A., & Komar, N. (2010). Surveillance for West Nile Virus in American White Pelicans, Montana, USA, 2006–2007. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 16(3), 406-411. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1603.090559.

Murine Typhus in Austin, Texas, USA, 2008 [PDF - 215 KB - 6 pages]
J. Adjemian et al.

In August 2008, Texas authorities and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention investigated reports of increased numbers of febrile rash illnesses in Austin to confirm the causative agent as Rickettsia typhi, to assess the outbreak magnitude and illness severity, and to identify potential animal reservoirs and peridomestic factors that may have contributed to disease emergence. Thirty-three human cases of confirmed murine typhus were identified. Illness onset was reported from March to October. No patients died, but 23 (70%) were hospitalized. The case-patients clustered geographically in central Austin; 12 (36%) resided in a single ZIP code area. Specimens from wildlife and domestic animals near case-patient homes were assessed; 18% of cats, 44% of dogs, and 71% of opossums had antibodies reactive to R. typhi. No evidence of R. typhi was detected in the whole blood, tissue, or arthropod specimens tested. These findings suggest that an R. typhi cycle involving opossums and domestic animals may be present in Austin.

EID Adjemian J, Parks S, McElroy K, Campbell J, Eremeeva ME, Nicholson WL, et al. Murine Typhus in Austin, Texas, USA, 2008. Emerg Infect Dis. 2010;16(3):412-417. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1603.091028
AMA Adjemian J, Parks S, McElroy K, et al. Murine Typhus in Austin, Texas, USA, 2008. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2010;16(3):412-417. doi:10.3201/eid1603.091028.
APA Adjemian, J., Parks, S., McElroy, K., Campbell, J., Eremeeva, M. E., Nicholson, W. L....Taylor, J. (2010). Murine Typhus in Austin, Texas, USA, 2008. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 16(3), 412-417. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1603.091028.

Chikungunya Virus Infection during Pregnancy, Réunion, France, 2006 [PDF - 180 KB - 8 pages]
X. Fritel et al.

Mother-to-child transmission of chikungunya virus was reported during the 2005–2006 outbreak on Réunion Island, France. To determine the effects of this virus on pregnancy outcomes, we conducted a study of pregnant women in Réunion in 2006. The study population was composed of 1,400 pregnant women (628 uninfected, 658 infected during pregnancy, 27 infected before pregnancy, and 87 infected on unknown dates). We compared pregnancy outcomes for 655 (628 + 27) women not infected during pregnancy with 658 who were infected during pregnancy. Infection occurred during the first trimester for 15% of the infected women, the second for 59%, and the third for 26%. Only hospital admission during pregnancy differed between infected and uninfected women (40% vs. 29%). Other outcomes (cesarean deliveries, obstetric hemorrhaging, preterm births, stillbirths after 22 weeks, birthweight, congenital malformations, and newborn admissions) were similar. This virus had no observable effect on pregnancy outcomes.

EID Fritel X, Rollot O, Gérardin P, Gaüzère B, Bideault J, Lagarde L, et al. Chikungunya Virus Infection during Pregnancy, Réunion, France, 2006. Emerg Infect Dis. 2010;16(3):418-425. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1603.091403
AMA Fritel X, Rollot O, Gérardin P, et al. Chikungunya Virus Infection during Pregnancy, Réunion, France, 2006. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2010;16(3):418-425. doi:10.3201/eid1603.091403.
APA Fritel, X., Rollot, O., Gérardin, P., Gaüzère, B., Bideault, J., Lagarde, L....Fourmaintraux, A. (2010). Chikungunya Virus Infection during Pregnancy, Réunion, France, 2006. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 16(3), 418-425. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1603.091403.

Effects of Mumps Outbreak in Hospital, Chicago, Illinois, USA, 2006 [PDF - 178 KB - 7 pages]
A. L. Bonebrake et al.

In 2006, nearly 6,000 mumps cases were reported in the United States, 795 of which occurred in Illinois. In Chicago, 1 healthcare institution experienced ongoing transmission for 4 weeks. This study examines the outbreak epidemiology and quantifies the financial affect on this organization. This retrospective cohort study was conducted through case and exposure identification, interviews, medical record reviews, and immunologic testing of blood specimens. Nine mumps cases resulted in 339 exposures, 325 (98%) among employees. During initial investigation, 186 (57%) of the exposed employees had evidence of mumps immunity. Physicians made up the largest group of noncompliers (55%) with mumps immunity testing. The cost to the institution was $262,788 or $29,199 per mumps case. The outbreak resulted in substantial staffing and financial challenges for the institution that may have been minimized with readily accessible electronic employee vaccination records and adherence to infection control recommendations.

EID Bonebrake AL, Silkaitis C, Monga G, Galat A, Anderson J, Trad JT, et al. Effects of Mumps Outbreak in Hospital, Chicago, Illinois, USA, 2006. Emerg Infect Dis. 2010;16(3):426-432. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1603.090198
AMA Bonebrake AL, Silkaitis C, Monga G, et al. Effects of Mumps Outbreak in Hospital, Chicago, Illinois, USA, 2006. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2010;16(3):426-432. doi:10.3201/eid1603.090198.
APA Bonebrake, A. L., Silkaitis, C., Monga, G., Galat, A., Anderson, J., Trad, J. T....Zembower, T. R. (2010). Effects of Mumps Outbreak in Hospital, Chicago, Illinois, USA, 2006. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 16(3), 426-432. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1603.090198.

Blood Meal Analysis to Identify Reservoir Hosts for Amblyomma americanum Ticks [PDF - 173 KB - 8 pages]
B. F. Allan et al.

Efforts to identify wildlife reservoirs for tick-borne pathogens are frequently limited by poor understanding of tick–host interactions and potentially transient infectivity of hosts under natural conditions. To identify reservoir hosts for lone star tick (Amblyomma americanum)–associated pathogens, we used a novel technology. In field-collected ticks, we used PCR to amplify a portion of the 18S rRNA gene in remnant blood meal DNA. Reverse line blot hybridization with host-specific probes was then used to subsequently detect and identify amplified DNA. Although several other taxa of wildlife hosts contribute to tick infection rates, our results confirm that the white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) is a reservoir host for several A. americanum–associated pathogens. Identification of host blood meal frequency and reservoir competence can help in determining human infection rates caused by these pathogens.

EID Allan BF, Goessling LS, Storch GA, Thach RE. Blood Meal Analysis to Identify Reservoir Hosts for Amblyomma americanum Ticks. Emerg Infect Dis. 2010;16(3):433-440. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1603.090911
AMA Allan BF, Goessling LS, Storch GA, et al. Blood Meal Analysis to Identify Reservoir Hosts for Amblyomma americanum Ticks. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2010;16(3):433-440. doi:10.3201/eid1603.090911.
APA Allan, B. F., Goessling, L. S., Storch, G. A., & Thach, R. E. (2010). Blood Meal Analysis to Identify Reservoir Hosts for Amblyomma americanum Ticks. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 16(3), 433-440. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1603.090911.

Borrelia, Ehrlichia, and Rickettsia spp. in Ticks Removed from Persons, Texas, USA [PDF - 129 KB - 6 pages]
P. C. Williamson et al.

Data regarding the type, frequency, and distribution of tick-borne pathogens and bacterial agents are not widely available for many tick species that parasitize persons in the southern United States. We therefore analyzed the frequency and identity of pathogens and bacterial agents in ticks removed from humans and subsequently submitted to the Texas Department of State Health Services, Zoonosis Control Program, from October 1, 2004, through September 30, 2008. The data showed associations of bacterial agents and potential vectors. Tick-related illnesses may pose unidentified health risks in areas such as Texas, where incidence of human disease related to tick bites is low but well above zero and where ticks are not routinely suspected as the cause of disease. Cause, treatment, and prevention strategies can be better addressed through collecting sufficient data to establish baseline assessments of risk.

EID Williamson PC, Billingsley PM, Teltow GJ, Seals JP, Turnbough MA, Atkinson SF. Borrelia, Ehrlichia, and Rickettsia spp. in Ticks Removed from Persons, Texas, USA. Emerg Infect Dis. 2010;16(3):441-446. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1603.091333
AMA Williamson PC, Billingsley PM, Teltow GJ, et al. Borrelia, Ehrlichia, and Rickettsia spp. in Ticks Removed from Persons, Texas, USA. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2010;16(3):441-446. doi:10.3201/eid1603.091333.
APA Williamson, P. C., Billingsley, P. M., Teltow, G. J., Seals, J. P., Turnbough, M. A., & Atkinson, S. F. (2010). Borrelia, Ehrlichia, and Rickettsia spp. in Ticks Removed from Persons, Texas, USA. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 16(3), 441-446. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1603.091333.

New Endemic Legionella pneumophila Serogroup I Clones, Ontario, Canada [PDF - 266 KB - 8 pages]
N. Tijet et al.

The water-borne pathogen Legionella pneumophila serogroup 1 (Lp1) is the most commonly reported etiologic agent of legionellosis. To examine the genetic diversity, the long-term epidemiology, and the molecular evolution of Lp1 clinical isolates, we conducted sequence-based typing on a collection of clinical isolates representing 3 decades of culture-confirmed legionellosis in Ontario, Canada. Analysis showed that the population of Lp1 in Ontario is highly diverse and combines lineages identified worldwide with local strains. Identical types were identified in sporadic and outbreak-associated strains. In the past 15 years, the incidence of some lineages distributed worldwide has tended to decrease, and local endemic clones and lineages have emerged. Comparative geographic distribution analysis suggests that some lineages are specific to eastern North America. These findings have general clinical implications for the study of Lp1 molecular evolution and for the identification of Lp1 circulating strains in North America.

EID Tijet N, Tang P, Romilowych M, Duncan C, Ng V, Fisman DN, et al. New Endemic Legionella pneumophila Serogroup I Clones, Ontario, Canada. Emerg Infect Dis. 2010;16(3):447-454. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1603.081689
AMA Tijet N, Tang P, Romilowych M, et al. New Endemic Legionella pneumophila Serogroup I Clones, Ontario, Canada. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2010;16(3):447-454. doi:10.3201/eid1603.081689.
APA Tijet, N., Tang, P., Romilowych, M., Duncan, C., Ng, V., Fisman, D. N....Guyard, C. (2010). New Endemic Legionella pneumophila Serogroup I Clones, Ontario, Canada. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 16(3), 447-454. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1603.081689.

Invasive Haemophilus influenzae Disease, Europe, 1996–2006 [PDF - 162 KB - 9 pages]
S. Ladhani et al.

An international collaboration was established in 1996 to monitor the impact of routine Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) vaccination on invasive H. influenzae disease; 14 countries routinely serotype all clinical isolates. Of the 10,081 invasive H. influenzae infections reported during 1996–2006, 4,466 (44%, incidence 0.28 infections/100,000 population) were due to noncapsulated H. influenzae (ncHi); 2,836 (28%, 0.15/100,000), to Hib; and 690 (7%, 0.036/100,000), to non–b encapsulated H. influenzae. Invasive ncHi infections occurred in older persons more often than Hib (median age 58 years vs. 5 years, p<0.0001) and were associated with higher case-fatality ratios (12% vs. 4%, p<0.0001), particularly in infants (17% vs. 3%, p<0.0001). Among non-b encapsulated H. influenzae, types f (72%) and e (21%) were responsible for almost all cases; the overall case-fatality rate was 9%. Thus, the incidence of invasive non–type b H. influenzae is now higher than that of Hib and is associated with higher case fatality.

EID Ladhani S, Slack MP, Heath PT, von Gottberg A, Chandra M, Ramsay ME. Invasive Haemophilus influenzae Disease, Europe, 1996–2006. Emerg Infect Dis. 2010;16(3):455-463. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1603.090290
AMA Ladhani S, Slack MP, Heath PT, et al. Invasive Haemophilus influenzae Disease, Europe, 1996–2006. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2010;16(3):455-463. doi:10.3201/eid1603.090290.
APA Ladhani, S., Slack, M. P., Heath, P. T., von Gottberg, A., Chandra, M., & Ramsay, M. E. (2010). Invasive Haemophilus influenzae Disease, Europe, 1996–2006. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 16(3), 455-463. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1603.090290.

Vaccine Preventability of Meningococcal Clone, Greater Aachen Region, Germany [PDF - 614 KB - 9 pages]
J. Elias et al.

Emergence of serogroup B meningococci of clonal complex sequence type (ST) 41/44 can cause high levels of disease, as exemplified by a recent epidemic in New Zealand. Multiplication of annual incidence rates (3.1 cases/100,000 population) of meningococcal disease in a defined German region, the city of Aachen and 3 neighboring countries (Greater Aachen) prompted us to investigate and determine the source and nature of this outbreak. Using molecular typing and geographic mapping, we analyzed 1,143 strains belonging to ST41/44 complex, isolated from persons with invasive meningococcal disease over 6 years (2001–2006) from 2 German federal states (total population 26 million) and the Netherlands. A spatially slowly moving clone with multiple-locus variable-number tandem repeat analysis type 19, ST42, and antigenic profile B:P1.7–2,4:F1–5 was responsible for the outbreak. Bactericidal activity in serum samples from the New Zealand MeNZB vaccination campaign confirmed vaccine preventability. Because this globally distributed epidemic strain spreads slowly, vaccination efforts could possibly eliminate meningococcal disease in this area.

EID Elias J, Schouls LM, van de Pol I, Keijzers WC, Martin DR, Glennie A, et al. Vaccine Preventability of Meningococcal Clone, Greater Aachen Region, Germany. Emerg Infect Dis. 2010;16(3):464-472. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1603.091102
AMA Elias J, Schouls LM, van de Pol I, et al. Vaccine Preventability of Meningococcal Clone, Greater Aachen Region, Germany. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2010;16(3):464-472. doi:10.3201/eid1603.091102.
APA Elias, J., Schouls, L. M., van de Pol, I., Keijzers, W. C., Martin, D. R., Glennie, A....van der Ende, A. (2010). Vaccine Preventability of Meningococcal Clone, Greater Aachen Region, Germany. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 16(3), 464-472. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1603.091102.

Use of Avian Bornavirus Isolates to Induce Proventricular Dilatation Disease in Conures [PDF - 282 KB - 7 pages]
P. Gray et al.

Avian bornavirus (ABV) is a newly discovered member of the family Bornaviridae that has been associated with the development of a lethal neurologic syndrome in birds, termed proventricular dilatation disease (PDD). We successfully isolated and characterized ABV from the brains of 8 birds with confirmed PDD. One isolate was passed 6 times in duck embryo fibroblasts, and the infected cells were then injected intramuscularly into 2 healthy Patagonian conures (Cyanoliseus patagonis). Clinical PDD developed in both birds by 66 days postinfection. PDD was confirmed by necropsy and histopathologic examination. Reverse transcription–PCR showed that the inoculated ABV was in the brains of the 2 infected birds. A control bird that received uninfected tissue culture cells remained healthy until it was euthanized at 77 days. Necropsy and histopathologic examinations showed no abnormalities; PCR did not indicate ABV in its brain tissues.

EID Gray P, Hoppes S, Suchodolski P, Mirhosseini N, Payne S, Villanueva I, et al. Use of Avian Bornavirus Isolates to Induce Proventricular Dilatation Disease in Conures. Emerg Infect Dis. 2010;16(3):473-479. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1603.091257
AMA Gray P, Hoppes S, Suchodolski P, et al. Use of Avian Bornavirus Isolates to Induce Proventricular Dilatation Disease in Conures. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2010;16(3):473-479. doi:10.3201/eid1603.091257.
APA Gray, P., Hoppes, S., Suchodolski, P., Mirhosseini, N., Payne, S., Villanueva, I....Tizard, I. (2010). Use of Avian Bornavirus Isolates to Induce Proventricular Dilatation Disease in Conures. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 16(3), 473-479. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1603.091257.

Economic Cost Analysis of West Nile Virus Outbreak, Sacramento County, California, USA, 2005 [PDF - 237 KB - 7 pages]
L. M. Barber et al.

In 2005, an outbreak of West Nile virus (WNV) disease occurred in Sacramento County, California; 163 human cases were reported. In response to WNV surveillance indicating increased WNV activity, the Sacramento-Yolo Mosquito and Vector Control District conducted an emergency aerial spray. We determined the economic impact of the outbreak, including the vector control event and the medical cost to treat WNV disease. WNV disease in Sacramento County cost ≈$2.28 million for medical treatment and patients’ productivity loss for both West Nile fever and West Nile neuroinvasive disease. Vector control cost ≈$701,790, including spray procedures and overtime hours. The total economic impact of WNV was $2.98 million. A cost-benefit analysis indicated that only 15 cases of West Nile neuroinvasive disease would need to be prevented to make the emergency spray cost-effective.

EID Barber LM, Schleier JJ, Peterson RK. Economic Cost Analysis of West Nile Virus Outbreak, Sacramento County, California, USA, 2005. Emerg Infect Dis. 2010;16(3):480-486. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1603.090667
AMA Barber LM, Schleier JJ, Peterson RK. Economic Cost Analysis of West Nile Virus Outbreak, Sacramento County, California, USA, 2005. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2010;16(3):480-486. doi:10.3201/eid1603.090667.
APA Barber, L. M., Schleier, J. J., & Peterson, R. K. (2010). Economic Cost Analysis of West Nile Virus Outbreak, Sacramento County, California, USA, 2005. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 16(3), 480-486. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1603.090667.
Dispatches

Paenibacillus larvae Bacteremia in Injection Drug Users [PDF - 280 KB - 3 pages]
S. Rieg et al.

Paenibacillus larvae causes American foulbrood in honey bees. We describe P. larvae bacteremia in 5 injection drug users who had self-injected honey-prepared methadone proven to contain P. larvae spores. That such preparations may be contaminated with spores of this organism is not well known among pharmacists, physicians, and addicts.

EID Rieg S, Bauer TM, Peyerl-Hoffmann G, Held J, Ritter W, Wagner D, et al. Paenibacillus larvae Bacteremia in Injection Drug Users. Emerg Infect Dis. 2010;16(3):487-489. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1603.091457
AMA Rieg S, Bauer TM, Peyerl-Hoffmann G, et al. Paenibacillus larvae Bacteremia in Injection Drug Users. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2010;16(3):487-489. doi:10.3201/eid1603.091457.
APA Rieg, S., Bauer, T. M., Peyerl-Hoffmann, G., Held, J., Ritter, W., Wagner, D....Serr, A. (2010). Paenibacillus larvae Bacteremia in Injection Drug Users. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 16(3), 487-489. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1603.091457.

Rickettsia helvetica in Patient with Meningitis, Sweden, 2006 [PDF - 209 KB - 3 pages]
K. Nilsson et al.

Pathogenicity of Rickettsia helvetica is relatively unknown. We isolated a spotted fever group rickettsial organism from a patient with subacute meningitis. Nucleotide sequences of the 16S rRNA, ompB, and 17kDa genes identified the isolate as R. helvetica. This organism may be associated with serious infections such as central nervous system disorders.

EID Nilsson K, Elfving K, Påhlson C. Rickettsia helvetica in Patient with Meningitis, Sweden, 2006. Emerg Infect Dis. 2010;16(3):490-492. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1603.090184
AMA Nilsson K, Elfving K, Påhlson C. Rickettsia helvetica in Patient with Meningitis, Sweden, 2006. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2010;16(3):490-492. doi:10.3201/eid1603.090184.
APA Nilsson, K., Elfving, K., & Påhlson, C. (2010). Rickettsia helvetica in Patient with Meningitis, Sweden, 2006. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 16(3), 490-492. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1603.090184.

Rare Influenza A (H3N2) Variants with Reduced Sensitivity to Antiviral Drugs [PDF - 200 KB - 4 pages]
C. Dapat et al.

In 2007 and 2008 in Myanmar, we detected influenza viruses A (H3N2) that exhibited reduced sensitivity to both zanamivir and amantadine. These rare and naturally occurring viruses harbored a novel Q136K mutation in neuraminidase and S31N mutation in M2.

EID Dapat C, Suzuki Y, Saito R, Kyaw Y, Myint YY, Lin N, et al. Rare Influenza A (H3N2) Variants with Reduced Sensitivity to Antiviral Drugs. Emerg Infect Dis. 2010;16(3):493-496. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1603.091321
AMA Dapat C, Suzuki Y, Saito R, et al. Rare Influenza A (H3N2) Variants with Reduced Sensitivity to Antiviral Drugs. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2010;16(3):493-496. doi:10.3201/eid1603.091321.
APA Dapat, C., Suzuki, Y., Saito, R., Kyaw, Y., Myint, Y. Y., Lin, N....Suzuki, H. (2010). Rare Influenza A (H3N2) Variants with Reduced Sensitivity to Antiviral Drugs. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 16(3), 493-496. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1603.091321.

Sarcocystis Species Lethal for Domestic Pigeons [PDF - 325 KB - 3 pages]
P. Olias et al.

A large number of Sarcocystis spp. infect birds as intermediate hosts, but pigeons are rarely affected. We identified a novel Sarcocystis sp. that causes lethal neurologic disease in domestic pigeons in Germany. Experimental infections indicated transmission by northern goshawks, and sequence analyses indicated transnational distribution. Worldwide spread is possible.

EID Olias P, Gruber AD, Kohls A, Hafez HM, Heydorn AO, Mehlhorn H, et al. Sarcocystis Species Lethal for Domestic Pigeons. Emerg Infect Dis. 2010;16(3):497-499. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1603.090860
AMA Olias P, Gruber AD, Kohls A, et al. Sarcocystis Species Lethal for Domestic Pigeons. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2010;16(3):497-499. doi:10.3201/eid1603.090860.
APA Olias, P., Gruber, A. D., Kohls, A., Hafez, H. M., Heydorn, A. O., Mehlhorn, H....Lierz, M. (2010). Sarcocystis Species Lethal for Domestic Pigeons. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 16(3), 497-499. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1603.090860.

Candidatus Bartonella mayotimonensis and Endocarditis [PDF - 383 KB - 4 pages]
E. Y. Lin et al.

We describe a new Bartonella species for which we propose the name Candidatus Bartonella mayotimonensis. It was isolated from native aortic valve tissue of a person with infective endocarditis. The new species was identified by using PCR amplification and sequencing of 5 genes (16S rRNA gene, ftsZ, rpoB, gltA, and internal transcribed spacer region).

EID Lin EY, Tsigrelis C, Baddour LM, Lepidi H, Rolain J, Patel R, et al. Candidatus Bartonella mayotimonensis and Endocarditis. Emerg Infect Dis. 2010;16(3):500-503. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1603.081673
AMA Lin EY, Tsigrelis C, Baddour LM, et al. Candidatus Bartonella mayotimonensis and Endocarditis. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2010;16(3):500-503. doi:10.3201/eid1603.081673.
APA Lin, E. Y., Tsigrelis, C., Baddour, L. M., Lepidi, H., Rolain, J., Patel, R....Raoult, D. (2010). Candidatus Bartonella mayotimonensis and Endocarditis. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 16(3), 500-503. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1603.081673.

Surveillance Lessons from First-wave Pandemic (H1N1) 2009, Northern California, USA [PDF - 282 KB - 3 pages]
R. Baxter

After the appearance of pandemic (H1N1) 2009 in April 2009, influenza activity was monitored within the Kaiser Permanente Northern California division by using laboratory, pharmacy, telephone calls, and utilization (services patients received) data. A combination of testing and utilization data showed a pattern of disease activity, but this pattern may have been affected by public perception of the epidemic.

EID Baxter R. Surveillance Lessons from First-wave Pandemic (H1N1) 2009, Northern California, USA. Emerg Infect Dis. 2010;16(3):504-506. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1603.091285
AMA Baxter R. Surveillance Lessons from First-wave Pandemic (H1N1) 2009, Northern California, USA. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2010;16(3):504-506. doi:10.3201/eid1603.091285.
APA Baxter, R. (2010). Surveillance Lessons from First-wave Pandemic (H1N1) 2009, Northern California, USA. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 16(3), 504-506. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1603.091285.

Experimental Infection of Squirrel Monkeys with Nipah Virus [PDF - 302 KB - 4 pages]
P. Marianneau et al.

We infected squirrel monkeys (Saimiri sciureus) with Nipah virus to determine the monkeys’ suitability for use as primate models in preclinical testing of preventive and therapeutic treatments. Infection of squirrel monkeys through intravenous injection was followed by high death rates associated with acute neurologic and respiratory illness and viral RNA and antigen production.

EID Marianneau P, Guillaume V, Wong KT, Badmanathan M, Looi RY, Murri S, et al. Experimental Infection of Squirrel Monkeys with Nipah Virus. Emerg Infect Dis. 2010;16(3):507-510. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1603.091346
AMA Marianneau P, Guillaume V, Wong KT, et al. Experimental Infection of Squirrel Monkeys with Nipah Virus. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2010;16(3):507-510. doi:10.3201/eid1603.091346.
APA Marianneau, P., Guillaume, V., Wong, K. T., Badmanathan, M., Looi, R. Y., Murri, S....Contamin, H. (2010). Experimental Infection of Squirrel Monkeys with Nipah Virus. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 16(3), 507-510. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1603.091346.

Q Fever in Greenland [PDF - 226 KB - 3 pages]
A. Koch et al.

We report a patient with Q fever endocarditis in a settlement in eastern Greenland (Isortoq, Ammassalik area). Likely animal sources include sled dogs and seals. Q fever may be underdiagnosed in Arctic areas but may also represent an emerging infection.

EID Koch A, Svendsen CB, Christensen JJ, Bundgaard H, Vindfeld L, Christiansen CB, et al. Q Fever in Greenland. Emerg Infect Dis. 2010;16(3):511-513. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1603.091220
AMA Koch A, Svendsen CB, Christensen JJ, et al. Q Fever in Greenland. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2010;16(3):511-513. doi:10.3201/eid1603.091220.
APA Koch, A., Svendsen, C. B., Christensen, J. J., Bundgaard, H., Vindfeld, L., Christiansen, C. B....Villumsen, S. (2010). Q Fever in Greenland. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 16(3), 511-513. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1603.091220.

Banna Virus, China, 1987–2007 [PDF - 234 KB - 4 pages]
H. Liu et al.

Banna viruses (BAVs) have been isolated from pigs, cattle, ticks, mosquitoes, and human encephalitis patients. We isolated and analyzed 20 BAVs newly isolated in China; this finding extends the distribution of BAVs from tropical zone to north temperate climates and demonstrate regional variations in BAV phylogeny and mosquito species possibly involved in BAV transmission.

EID Liu H, Li M, Zhai Y, Meng W, Sun X, Cao Y, et al. Banna Virus, China, 1987–2007. Emerg Infect Dis. 2010;16(3):514-517. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1603.091160
AMA Liu H, Li M, Zhai Y, et al. Banna Virus, China, 1987–2007. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2010;16(3):514-517. doi:10.3201/eid1603.091160.
APA Liu, H., Li, M., Zhai, Y., Meng, W., Sun, X., Cao, Y....Liang, G. (2010). Banna Virus, China, 1987–2007. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 16(3), 514-517. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1603.091160.

Bluetongue Virus Serotypes 1 and 4 in Red Deer, Spain [PDF - 252 KB - 3 pages]
B. Rodríguez-Sánchez et al.

We studied the potential of red deer as bluetongue maintenance hosts and sentinels. Deer maintained detectable bluetongue virus (BTV) serotype 4 RNA for 1 year after the virus was cleared from livestock. However, the virus was not transmitted to yearlings. BTV serotype 1 RNA was detected in red deer immediately after its first detection in cattle.

EID Rodríguez-Sánchez B, Gortázar C, Ruiz-Fons F, Sánchez-Vizcaíno JM. Bluetongue Virus Serotypes 1 and 4 in Red Deer, Spain. Emerg Infect Dis. 2010;16(3):518-520. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1603.090626
AMA Rodríguez-Sánchez B, Gortázar C, Ruiz-Fons F, et al. Bluetongue Virus Serotypes 1 and 4 in Red Deer, Spain. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2010;16(3):518-520. doi:10.3201/eid1603.090626.
APA Rodríguez-Sánchez, B., Gortázar, C., Ruiz-Fons, F., & Sánchez-Vizcaíno, J. M. (2010). Bluetongue Virus Serotypes 1 and 4 in Red Deer, Spain. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 16(3), 518-520. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1603.090626.

Novel Spotted Fever Group Rickettsiosis, Brazil [PDF - 215 KB - 3 pages]
M. G. Spolidorio et al.

We report a clinical case of spotted fever group rickettsiosis acquired in São Paulo, Brazil. Definitive diagnosis was supported by seroconversion between acute-phase and convalescent-phase serum samples. Molecular analysis of skin samples indicated the agent was a novel spotted fever group strain closely related to Rickettsia africae, R. parkeri, and R. sibirica.

EID Spolidorio MG, Labruna MB, Mantovani E, Brandão PE, Richtzenhain LJ, Yoshinari NH. Novel Spotted Fever Group Rickettsiosis, Brazil. Emerg Infect Dis. 2010;16(3):521-523. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1603.091338
AMA Spolidorio MG, Labruna MB, Mantovani E, et al. Novel Spotted Fever Group Rickettsiosis, Brazil. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2010;16(3):521-523. doi:10.3201/eid1603.091338.
APA Spolidorio, M. G., Labruna, M. B., Mantovani, E., Brandão, P. E., Richtzenhain, L. J., & Yoshinari, N. H. (2010). Novel Spotted Fever Group Rickettsiosis, Brazil. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 16(3), 521-523. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1603.091338.

Climate Warming and Tick-borne Encephalitis, Slovakia [PDF - 233 KB - 3 pages]
M. Lukan et al.

Increased tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) cases have been reported in central Europe. To investigate temporal trends in the altitude at which TBE cases occur in Slovakia, we analyzed the number of TBE cases during 1961–2004. Since 1980, TBE cases moved from lowlands to submountainous areas, most likely because of rising temperature.

EID Lukan M, Bullova E, Petko B. Climate Warming and Tick-borne Encephalitis, Slovakia. Emerg Infect Dis. 2010;16(3):524-526. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1603.081364
AMA Lukan M, Bullova E, Petko B. Climate Warming and Tick-borne Encephalitis, Slovakia. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2010;16(3):524-526. doi:10.3201/eid1603.081364.
APA Lukan, M., Bullova, E., & Petko, B. (2010). Climate Warming and Tick-borne Encephalitis, Slovakia. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 16(3), 524-526. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1603.081364.

Terrestrial Rabies and Human Postexposure Prophylaxis, New York, USA [PDF - 127 KB - 3 pages]
M. Eidson and A. K. Bingman

During 1993–2002, cats accounted for 2.7% of rabid terrestrial animals in New York but for one third of human exposure incidents and treatments. Nonbite exposures and animals of undetermined rabies status accounted for 54% and 56%, respectively, of persons receiving rabies treatments.

EID Eidson M, Bingman AK. Terrestrial Rabies and Human Postexposure Prophylaxis, New York, USA. Emerg Infect Dis. 2010;16(3):527-529. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1603.090298
AMA Eidson M, Bingman AK. Terrestrial Rabies and Human Postexposure Prophylaxis, New York, USA. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2010;16(3):527-529. doi:10.3201/eid1603.090298.
APA Eidson, M., & Bingman, A. K. (2010). Terrestrial Rabies and Human Postexposure Prophylaxis, New York, USA. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 16(3), 527-529. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1603.090298.

Increasing Skin Infections and Staphylococcus aureus Complications in Children, England, 1997–2006 [PDF - 215 KB - 4 pages]
S. Saxena et al.

During 1997–2006, general practitioner consultations for skin conditions for children <18 years of age in England increased 19%, from 128.5 to 152.9/1,000 child-years, and antistaphylococcal drug prescription rates increased 64%, from 17.8 to 29.1/1,000 child-years. During the same time period, hospital admissions for Staphylococcus aureus infections rose 49% from 53.4 to 79.3/100,000 child-years.

EID Saxena S, Thompson P, Birger R, Bottle A, Spyridis N, Wong I, et al. Increasing Skin Infections and Staphylococcus aureus Complications in Children, England, 1997–2006. Emerg Infect Dis. 2010;16(3):530-533. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1603.090809
AMA Saxena S, Thompson P, Birger R, et al. Increasing Skin Infections and Staphylococcus aureus Complications in Children, England, 1997–2006. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2010;16(3):530-533. doi:10.3201/eid1603.090809.
APA Saxena, S., Thompson, P., Birger, R., Bottle, A., Spyridis, N., Wong, I....Sharland, M. (2010). Increasing Skin Infections and Staphylococcus aureus Complications in Children, England, 1997–2006. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 16(3), 530-533. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1603.090809.

Influenza A Pandemic (H1N1) 2009 Virus Infection in Domestic Cat [PDF - 289 KB - 4 pages]
B. A. Sponseller et al.

Influenza A pandemic (H1N1) 2009 virus continues to rapidly spread worldwide. In 2009, pandemic (H1N1) 2009 infection in a domestic cat from Iowa was diagnosed by a novel PCR assay that distinguishes between Eurasian and North American pandemic (H1N1) 2009 virus matrix genes. Human-to-cat transmission is presumed.

EID Sponseller BA, Strait E, Jergens A, Trujillo J, Harmon K, Koster L, et al. Influenza A Pandemic (H1N1) 2009 Virus Infection in Domestic Cat. Emerg Infect Dis. 2010;16(3):534-537. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1603.091737
AMA Sponseller BA, Strait E, Jergens A, et al. Influenza A Pandemic (H1N1) 2009 Virus Infection in Domestic Cat. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2010;16(3):534-537. doi:10.3201/eid1603.091737.
APA Sponseller, B. A., Strait, E., Jergens, A., Trujillo, J., Harmon, K., Koster, L....Nara, P. (2010). Influenza A Pandemic (H1N1) 2009 Virus Infection in Domestic Cat. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 16(3), 534-537. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1603.091737.

School Closure and Mitigation of Pandemic (H1N1) 2009, Hong Kong [PDF - 227 KB - 4 pages]
J. T. Wu et al.

In Hong Kong, kindergartens and primary schools were closed when local transmission of pandemic (H1N1) 2009 was identified. Secondary schools closed for summer vacation shortly afterwards. By fitting a model of reporting and transmission to case data, we estimated that transmission was reduced ≈25% when secondary schools closed.

EID Wu JT, Cowling BJ, Lau E, Ip DK, Ho L, Tsang T, et al. School Closure and Mitigation of Pandemic (H1N1) 2009, Hong Kong. Emerg Infect Dis. 2010;16(3):538-541. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1603.091216
AMA Wu JT, Cowling BJ, Lau E, et al. School Closure and Mitigation of Pandemic (H1N1) 2009, Hong Kong. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2010;16(3):538-541. doi:10.3201/eid1603.091216.
APA Wu, J. T., Cowling, B. J., Lau, E., Ip, D. K., Ho, L., Tsang, T....Riley, S. (2010). School Closure and Mitigation of Pandemic (H1N1) 2009, Hong Kong. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 16(3), 538-541. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1603.091216.

Global Origin of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in the Midlands, UK [PDF - 290 KB - 4 pages]
J. T. Evans et al.

DNA fingerprinting data for 4,207 Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolates were combined with data from a computer program (Origins). Largest population groups were from England (n = 1,031) and India (n = 912), and most prevalent strains were the Euro-American (45%) and East African–Indian (34%) lineages. Combining geographic and molecular data can enhance cluster investigation.

EID Evans JT, Gardiner S, Smith E, Webber R, Hawkey PM. Global Origin of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in the Midlands, UK. Emerg Infect Dis. 2010;16(3):542-545. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1603.090813
AMA Evans JT, Gardiner S, Smith E, et al. Global Origin of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in the Midlands, UK. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2010;16(3):542-545. doi:10.3201/eid1603.090813.
APA Evans, J. T., Gardiner, S., Smith, E., Webber, R., & Hawkey, P. M. (2010). Global Origin of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in the Midlands, UK. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 16(3), 542-545. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1603.090813.

Quinine-Resistant Malaria in Traveler Returning from Senegal, 2007 [PDF - 226 KB - 3 pages]
B. Pradines et al.

We describe clinical and parasitologic features of in vivo and in vitro Plasmodium falciparum resistance to quinine in a nonimmune traveler who returned to France from Senegal in 2007 with severe imported malaria. Clinical quinine failure was associated with a 50% inhibitory concentration of 829 nmol/L. Increased vigilance is required during treatment follow-up.

EID Pradines B, Pistone T, Ezzedine K, Briolant S, Bertaux L, Receveur M, et al. Quinine-Resistant Malaria in Traveler Returning from Senegal, 2007. Emerg Infect Dis. 2010;16(3):546-548. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1603.091669
AMA Pradines B, Pistone T, Ezzedine K, et al. Quinine-Resistant Malaria in Traveler Returning from Senegal, 2007. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2010;16(3):546-548. doi:10.3201/eid1603.091669.
APA Pradines, B., Pistone, T., Ezzedine, K., Briolant, S., Bertaux, L., Receveur, M....Malvy, D. (2010). Quinine-Resistant Malaria in Traveler Returning from Senegal, 2007. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 16(3), 546-548. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1603.091669.

Putative New Lineage of West Nile Virus, Spain [PDF - 312 KB - 4 pages]
A. Vázquez et al.

To ascertain the presence of West Nile virus (WNV), we sampled mosquitoes in 2006 in locations in southern Spain where humans had been infected. WNV genomic RNA was detected in 1 pool from unfed female Culex pipiens mosquitoes. Phylogenetic analysis demonstrated that this sequence cannot be assigned to previously described lineages of WNV.

EID Vázquez A, Sánchez-Seco M, Ruiz S, Molero F, Hernández L, Moreno J, et al. Putative New Lineage of West Nile Virus, Spain. Emerg Infect Dis. 2010;16(3):549-552. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1603.091033
AMA Vázquez A, Sánchez-Seco M, Ruiz S, et al. Putative New Lineage of West Nile Virus, Spain. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2010;16(3):549-552. doi:10.3201/eid1603.091033.
APA Vázquez, A., Sánchez-Seco, M., Ruiz, S., Molero, F., Hernández, L., Moreno, J....Tenorio, A. (2010). Putative New Lineage of West Nile Virus, Spain. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 16(3), 549-552. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1603.091033.

Venezuelan Equine Encephalitis and 2 Human Deaths, Peru [PDF - 161 KB - 4 pages]
S. Vilcarromero et al.

Studies have suggested that enzootic strains of Venezuelan equine encephalitis (VEE) subtype ID in the Amazon region, Peru, may be less pathogenic to humans than are epizootic variants. Deaths of 2 persons with evidence of acute VEE virus infection indicate that fatal VEEV infection in Peru is likely. Cases may remain underreported.

EID Vilcarromero S, Aguilar PV, Halsey ES, Laguna-Torres A, Razuri H, Perez J, et al. Venezuelan Equine Encephalitis and 2 Human Deaths, Peru. Emerg Infect Dis. 2010;16(3):553-556. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1603.090970
AMA Vilcarromero S, Aguilar PV, Halsey ES, et al. Venezuelan Equine Encephalitis and 2 Human Deaths, Peru. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2010;16(3):553-556. doi:10.3201/eid1603.090970.
APA Vilcarromero, S., Aguilar, P. V., Halsey, E. S., Laguna-Torres, A., Razuri, H., Perez, J....Kochel, T. J. (2010). Venezuelan Equine Encephalitis and 2 Human Deaths, Peru. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 16(3), 553-556. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1603.090970.

Medscape CME Activity
Extensively Drug-Resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis from Aspirates, Rural South Africa [PDF - 252 KB - 5 pages]
S. K. Heysell et al.

The yield from aspirating lymph nodes and pleural fluid for diagnosing extensively drug-resistant (XDR) tuberculosis is unknown. Mycobacterium tuberculosis was cultured from lymph node or pleural fluid aspirates of 21 patients; 7 (33%) cultures grew XDR M. tuberculosis. Additive diagnostic yield for XDR M. tuberculosis was found in parallel culture of sputum and fluid aspirate.

EID Heysell SK, Moll AP, Gandhi NR, Eksteen FJ, Babaria P, Coovadia Y, et al. Extensively Drug-Resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis from Aspirates, Rural South Africa. Emerg Infect Dis. 2010;16(3):557-560. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1603.091486
AMA Heysell SK, Moll AP, Gandhi NR, et al. Extensively Drug-Resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis from Aspirates, Rural South Africa. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2010;16(3):557-560. doi:10.3201/eid1603.091486.
APA Heysell, S. K., Moll, A. P., Gandhi, N. R., Eksteen, F. J., Babaria, P., Coovadia, Y....Shah, N. (2010). Extensively Drug-Resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis from Aspirates, Rural South Africa. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 16(3), 557-560. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1603.091486.

Parvovirus 4–like Virus in Blood Products [PDF - 261 KB - 4 pages]
J. Szelei et al.

Porcine plasma and factor VIII preparations were screened for parvovirus 4 (PARV)–like viruses. Although the prevalence of PARV4-like viruses in plasma samples was relatively low, viruses appeared to be concentrated during manufacture of factor VIII. PARV4-like viruses from human and porcine origins coevolved likewise with their hosts.

EID Szelei J, Liu K, Li Y, Fernandes S, Tijssen P. Parvovirus 4–like Virus in Blood Products. Emerg Infect Dis. 2010;16(3):561-564. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1603.090746
AMA Szelei J, Liu K, Li Y, et al. Parvovirus 4–like Virus in Blood Products. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2010;16(3):561-564. doi:10.3201/eid1603.090746.
APA Szelei, J., Liu, K., Li, Y., Fernandes, S., & Tijssen, P. (2010). Parvovirus 4–like Virus in Blood Products. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 16(3), 561-564. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1603.090746.
Letters

Rhabdomyolysis and Pandemic (H1N1) 2009 Pneumonia in Adult [PDF - 79 KB - 1 page]
R. L. Gutierrez et al.
EID Gutierrez RL, Ellis MW, Decker CF. Rhabdomyolysis and Pandemic (H1N1) 2009 Pneumonia in Adult. Emerg Infect Dis. 2010;16(3):565. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1603.091818
AMA Gutierrez RL, Ellis MW, Decker CF. Rhabdomyolysis and Pandemic (H1N1) 2009 Pneumonia in Adult. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2010;16(3):565. doi:10.3201/eid1603.091818.
APA Gutierrez, R. L., Ellis, M. W., & Decker, C. F. (2010). Rhabdomyolysis and Pandemic (H1N1) 2009 Pneumonia in Adult. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 16(3), 565. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1603.091818.

Yersinia pseudotuberculosis and Y. enterocolitica Infections, FoodNet, 1996–2007 [PDF - 90 KB - 2 pages]
C. Long et al.
EID Long C, Jones TF, Vugia DJ, Scheftel J, Strockbine NA, Ryan P, et al. Yersinia pseudotuberculosis and Y. enterocolitica Infections, FoodNet, 1996–2007. Emerg Infect Dis. 2010;16(3):566-567. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1603.091106
AMA Long C, Jones TF, Vugia DJ, et al. Yersinia pseudotuberculosis and Y. enterocolitica Infections, FoodNet, 1996–2007. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2010;16(3):566-567. doi:10.3201/eid1603.091106.
APA Long, C., Jones, T. F., Vugia, D. J., Scheftel, J., Strockbine, N. A., Ryan, P....Mungai, E. A. (2010). Yersinia pseudotuberculosis and Y. enterocolitica Infections, FoodNet, 1996–2007. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 16(3), 566-567. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1603.091106.

Measles Outbreak, the Netherlands, 2008 [PDF - 94 KB - 3 pages]
S. Hahné et al.
EID Hahné S, te Wierik MJ, Mollema L, van Velzen E, de Coster E, Swaan C, et al. Measles Outbreak, the Netherlands, 2008. Emerg Infect Dis. 2010;16(3):567-569. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1603.090114
AMA Hahné S, te Wierik MJ, Mollema L, et al. Measles Outbreak, the Netherlands, 2008. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2010;16(3):567-569. doi:10.3201/eid1603.090114.
APA Hahné, S., te Wierik, M. J., Mollema, L., van Velzen, E., de Coster, E., Swaan, C....van Binnendijk, R. (2010). Measles Outbreak, the Netherlands, 2008. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 16(3), 567-569. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1603.090114.

Neurologic Manifestations of Pandemic (H1N1) 2009 Virus Infection [PDF - 105 KB - 2 pages]
S. Kitcharoen et al.
EID Kitcharoen S, Pattapongsin M, Sawanyawisuth K, Angela V, Tiamkao S. Neurologic Manifestations of Pandemic (H1N1) 2009 Virus Infection. Emerg Infect Dis. 2010;16(3):569-570. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1603.091699
AMA Kitcharoen S, Pattapongsin M, Sawanyawisuth K, et al. Neurologic Manifestations of Pandemic (H1N1) 2009 Virus Infection. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2010;16(3):569-570. doi:10.3201/eid1603.091699.
APA Kitcharoen, S., Pattapongsin, M., Sawanyawisuth, K., Angela, V., & Tiamkao, S. (2010). Neurologic Manifestations of Pandemic (H1N1) 2009 Virus Infection. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 16(3), 569-570. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1603.091699.

Rickettsia felis, West Indies [PDF - 101 KB - 2 pages]
P. J. Kelly et al.
EID Kelly PJ, Lucas H, Eremeeva ME, Dirks KG, Rolain J, Yowell C, et al. Rickettsia felis, West Indies. Emerg Infect Dis. 2010;16(3):570-571. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1603.091431
AMA Kelly PJ, Lucas H, Eremeeva ME, et al. Rickettsia felis, West Indies. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2010;16(3):570-571. doi:10.3201/eid1603.091431.
APA Kelly, P. J., Lucas, H., Eremeeva, M. E., Dirks, K. G., Rolain, J., Yowell, C....Raoult, D. (2010). Rickettsia felis, West Indies. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 16(3), 570-571. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1603.091431.

Rickettsia africae, Western Africa [PDF - 104 KB - 3 pages]
O. Mediannikov et al.
EID Mediannikov O, Trape J, Diatta G, Parola P, Fournier P, Raoult D. Rickettsia africae, Western Africa. Emerg Infect Dis. 2010;16(3):571-573. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1603.090346
AMA Mediannikov O, Trape J, Diatta G, et al. Rickettsia africae, Western Africa. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2010;16(3):571-573. doi:10.3201/eid1603.090346.
APA Mediannikov, O., Trape, J., Diatta, G., Parola, P., Fournier, P., & Raoult, D. (2010). Rickettsia africae, Western Africa. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 16(3), 571-573. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1603.090346.

Transmission of West Nile Virus during Horse Autopsy [PDF - 102 KB - 3 pages]
M. Venter et al.
EID Venter M, Steyl J, Human S, Weyer J, Zaayman D, Blumberg L, et al. Transmission of West Nile Virus during Horse Autopsy. Emerg Infect Dis. 2010;16(3):573-575. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1603.091042
AMA Venter M, Steyl J, Human S, et al. Transmission of West Nile Virus during Horse Autopsy. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2010;16(3):573-575. doi:10.3201/eid1603.091042.
APA Venter, M., Steyl, J., Human, S., Weyer, J., Zaayman, D., Blumberg, L....Swanepoel, R. (2010). Transmission of West Nile Virus during Horse Autopsy. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 16(3), 573-575. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1603.091042.

Breeding Sites of Bluetongue Virus Vectors, Belgium [PDF - 95 KB - 2 pages]
J. Zimmer et al.
EID Zimmer J, Saegerman C, Losson B, Haubruge E. Breeding Sites of Bluetongue Virus Vectors, Belgium. Emerg Infect Dis. 2010;16(3):575-576. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1603.091311
AMA Zimmer J, Saegerman C, Losson B, et al. Breeding Sites of Bluetongue Virus Vectors, Belgium. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2010;16(3):575-576. doi:10.3201/eid1603.091311.
APA Zimmer, J., Saegerman, C., Losson, B., & Haubruge, E. (2010). Breeding Sites of Bluetongue Virus Vectors, Belgium. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 16(3), 575-576. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1603.091311.

Two Lineages of Dengue Virus Type 2, Brazil [PDF - 89 KB - 3 pages]
M. F. Oliveira et al.
EID Oliveira MF, Araújo JM, Ferreira OC, Ferreira D, Lima DB, Santos FB, et al. Two Lineages of Dengue Virus Type 2, Brazil. Emerg Infect Dis. 2010;16(3):576-578. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1603.090996
AMA Oliveira MF, Araújo JM, Ferreira OC, et al. Two Lineages of Dengue Virus Type 2, Brazil. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2010;16(3):576-578. doi:10.3201/eid1603.090996.
APA Oliveira, M. F., Araújo, J. M., Ferreira, O. C., Ferreira, D., Lima, D. B., Santos, F. B....Nogueira, R. (2010). Two Lineages of Dengue Virus Type 2, Brazil. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 16(3), 576-578. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1603.090996.

Yersinia Species Isolated from Bats, Germany [PDF - 86 KB - 3 pages]
K. Mühldorfer et al.
EID Mühldorfer K, Wibbelt G, Haensel J, Riehm JM, Speck S. Yersinia Species Isolated from Bats, Germany. Emerg Infect Dis. 2010;16(3):578-580. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1603.091035
AMA Mühldorfer K, Wibbelt G, Haensel J, et al. Yersinia Species Isolated from Bats, Germany. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2010;16(3):578-580. doi:10.3201/eid1603.091035.
APA Mühldorfer, K., Wibbelt, G., Haensel, J., Riehm, J. M., & Speck, S. (2010). Yersinia Species Isolated from Bats, Germany. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 16(3), 578-580. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1603.091035.

Human Herpesvirus 8, Southern Siberia [PDF - 94 KB - 3 pages]
O. Cassar et al.
EID Cassar O, Bassot S, Plancoulaine S, Quintana-Murci L, Harmant C, Gurtsevitch V, et al. Human Herpesvirus 8, Southern Siberia. Emerg Infect Dis. 2010;16(3):580-582. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1603.091390
AMA Cassar O, Bassot S, Plancoulaine S, et al. Human Herpesvirus 8, Southern Siberia. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2010;16(3):580-582. doi:10.3201/eid1603.091390.
APA Cassar, O., Bassot, S., Plancoulaine, S., Quintana-Murci, L., Harmant, C., Gurtsevitch, V....Gessain, A. (2010). Human Herpesvirus 8, Southern Siberia. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 16(3), 580-582. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1603.091390.
Another Dimension

Sus-Pense [PDF - 70 KB - 1 page]
R. Bernstein
EID Bernstein R. Sus-Pense. Emerg Infect Dis. 2010;16(3):582. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1603.091250
AMA Bernstein R. Sus-Pense. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2010;16(3):582. doi:10.3201/eid1603.091250.
APA Bernstein, R. (2010). Sus-Pense. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 16(3), 582. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1603.091250.
About the Cover

…a flea Has smaller fleas that on him prey; And these have smaller still to bite ’em, And so proceed ad infinitum [PDF - 114 KB - 2 pages]
P. Potter
EID Potter P. …a flea Has smaller fleas that on him prey; And these have smaller still to bite ’em, And so proceed ad infinitum. Emerg Infect Dis. 2010;16(3):583-584. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1603.ac1603
AMA Potter P. …a flea Has smaller fleas that on him prey; And these have smaller still to bite ’em, And so proceed ad infinitum. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2010;16(3):583-584. doi:10.3201/eid1603.ac1603.
APA Potter, P. (2010). …a flea Has smaller fleas that on him prey; And these have smaller still to bite ’em, And so proceed ad infinitum. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 16(3), 583-584. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1603.ac1603.
Etymologia

Etymologia: Yersinia [PDF - 121 KB - 1 page]
EID Etymologia: Yersinia. Emerg Infect Dis. 2010;16(3):496. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1603.e11603
AMA Etymologia: Yersinia. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2010;16(3):496. doi:10.3201/eid1603.e11603.
APA (2010). Etymologia: Yersinia. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 16(3), 496. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1603.e11603.
Page created: August 28, 2012
Page updated: August 28, 2012
Page reviewed: August 28, 2012
The conclusions, findings, and opinions expressed by authors contributing to this journal do not necessarily reflect the official position of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, the Public Health Service, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, or the authors' affiliated institutions. Use of trade names is for identification only and does not imply endorsement by any of the groups named above.
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