Skip directly to site content Skip directly to page options Skip directly to A-Z link Skip directly to A-Z link Skip directly to A-Z link
Volume 17, Number 7—July 2011
Research

Co-infections of Plasmodium knowlesi, P. falciparum, and P. vivax among Humans and Anopheles dirus Mosquitoes, Southern Vietnam

Ron P. MarchandComments to Author , Richard Culleton, Yoshimasa Maeno, Nguyen Tuyen Quang, and Shusuke Nakazawa
Author affiliations: Author affiliations: Medical Committee Netherlands–Vietnam, Khanh Hoa Province, Vietnam (R.P. Marchand, N.T. Quang); Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan (R. Culleton, S. Nakazawa); Fujita Health University School of Medicine, Aichi, Japan (Y. Maeno).

Main Article

Figure 2

Dynamics of biting density and sporozoite positive salivary glands (including Plasmodium knowlesi) of Anopheles dirus mosquitoes in Khanh Phu forest, Vietnam. The solid red line connects the points of mean monthly An. dirus density (bites/person-night). Bars indicate the monthly number of sporozoite-positive salivary glands: white, P. knowlesi; gray, other species. The first mosquito found with P. knowlesi in August 2008 was described in Nakazawa et al. (11).

Figure 2. Dynamics of biting density and sporozoite positive salivary glands (including Plasmodium knowlesi) of Anopheles dirus mosquitoes in Khanh Phu forest, Vietnam. The solid red line connects the points of mean monthly An. dirus density (bites/person-night). Bars indicate the monthly number of sporozoite-positive salivary glands: white, P. knowlesi; gray, other species. The first mosquito found with P. knowlesi in August 2008 was described in Nakazawa et al. (11).

Main Article

References
  1. Viet Nam National Institute of Malariology. Parasitology and Entomology (NIMPE). Annual reports of the National Malaria Control Program in Vietnam: 2003–2008. Hanoi: The Institute; 2008.
  2. Erhart  A, Thang  ND, Hung  NQ, Toi  LV, Hung  LX, Tuy  TQ, Forest malaria in Vietnam: a challenge for control. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2004;70:110–8.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  3. Marchand  RP. The Khanh Phu malaria research project: an overview 1994–2004. 2005. [cited 2010 Sep 4]. http://www.mcnv.nl/uploads/media/Malaria_overview_2005_18.pdf
  4. Erhart  A, Ngo  DT, Phan  VK, Ta  TT, Van Overmeir  C, Speybroeck  N, Epidemiology of forest malaria in central Vietnam: a large scale cross-sectional survey. Malar J. 2005;4:58. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  5. Singh  B, Kim Sung  L, Matusop  A, Radhakrishnan  A, Shamsul  SS, Cox-Singh  J, A large focus of naturally acquired Plasmodium knowlesi infections in human beings. Lancet. 2004;363:1017–24. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  6. Putaporntip  C, Hongsrimuang  T, Seethamchai  S, Kobasa  T, Limkittikul  K, Cui  L, Differential prevalence of Plasmodium infections and cryptic Plasmodium knowlesi malaria in humans in Thailand. J Infect Dis. 2009;199:1143–50. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  7. Luchavez  J, Espino  F, Curameng  P, Espina  R, Bell  D, Chiodini  P, Human infections with Plasmodium knowlesi, the Philippines. Emerg Infect Dis. 2008;14:811–3. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  8. Vythilingam  I, Noorazian  YM, Huat  TC, Jiram  AI, Yusri  YM, Azahari  AH, Plasmodium knowlesi in humans, macaques and mosquitoes in peninsular Malaysia. Parasit Vectors. 2008;1:26. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  9. Cox-Singh  J, Singh  B. Knowlesi malaria: newly emergent and of public health importance? Trends Parasitol. 2008;24:406–10. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  10. Jiang  N, Chang  Q, Sun  X, Lu  H, Yin  J, Zhang  Z, Co-infections with Plasmodium knowlesi and other malaria parasites, Myanmar. Emerg Infect Dis. 2010;16:1476–8. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  11. Nakazawa  S, Marchand  RP, Quang  NT, Culleton  R, Manh  ND, Maeno  Y. Anopheles dirus co-infection with human and monkey malaria parasites in Vietnam. Int J Parasitol. 2009;39:1533–7. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  12. Garros  C, Marchand  RP, Quang  NT, Hai  NS, Manguin  S. First record of Anopheles minimus C and significant decrease of An. minimus A in central Vietnam. J Am Mosq Control Assoc. 2005;21:139–43. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  13. Vietnam National Institute of Malariology. Parasitology and Entomology. Identification key for Anophelinae in Vietnam. Hanoi (Vietnam): Medical Publishing House; 2008.
  14. Trung  HD, Van Bortel  W, Sochantha  T, Keokenchanh  K, Quang  NT, Cong  LD, Malaria transmission and major malaria vectors in different geographical areas of Southeast Asia. Trop Med Int Health. 2004;9:230–7. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  15. Obsomer  V, Defourny  P, Coosemans  M. The Anopheles dirus complex: spatial distribution and environmental drivers. Malar J. 2007;6:26. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  16. Maeno  Y, Nakazawa  S, Dao le  D, Yamamoto  N, Giang  ND, Van Hanh  T, . A dried blood sample on filter paper is suitable for detecting Plasmodium falciparum gametocytes by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction. Acta Trop. 2008;107:121–7. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  17. Singh  B, Bobogare  A, Cox-Singh  J, Snounou  G, Abdullah  MS, Rahman  HA. A genus- and species-specific nested polymerase chain reaction malaria detection assay for epidemiologic studies. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 1999;60:687–92.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  18. Imwong  M, Tanomsing  N, Pukrittayakamee  S, Day  NP, White  NJ, Snounou  G. Spurious amplification of a Plasmodium vivax small-subunit RNA gene by use of primers currently used to detect P. knowlesi. J Clin Microbiol. 2009;47:4173–5. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  19. Tan  CH, Vythilingam  I, Matusop  A, Chan  ST, Singh  B. Bionomics of Anopheles latens in Kapit, Sarawak, Malaysian Borneo in relation to the transmission of zoonotic simian malaria parasite Plasmodium knowlesi. Malar J. 2008;7:52. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  20. Jongwutiwes  S, Putaporntip  C, Iwasaki  T, Sata  T, Kanbara  H. Naturally acquired Plasmodium knowlesi malaria in human, Thailand. Emerg Infect Dis. 2004;10:2211–3.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  21. Daneshvar  C, Davis  TME, Cox-Singh  J, Rafe’ee  MZ, Zakaria  SK, Divis  PCS, Clinical and laboratory features of human Plasmodium knowlesi infection. Clin Infect Dis. 2009;49:852–60. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  22. Cox-Singh  J, Hiu  J, Lucas  SB, Divis  PC, Zulkarnaen  M, Chandran  P, Severe malaria—a case of fatal Plasmodium knowlesi infection with post-mortem findings: a case report. Malar J. 2010;9:10. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  23. Van den Eede  P, Van  HN, Van Overmeir  C, Vythilingam  I, Duc  TN, Hung  LX, Human Plasmodium knowlesi infections in young children in central Vietnam. Malar J. 2009;8:249. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  24. Escalante  AA, Cornejo  OE, Freeland  DE, Poe  AC, Durrego  E, Collins  WE, A monkey's tale: the origin of Plasmodium vivax as a human malaria parasite. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2005;102:1980–5. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  25. Hayakawa  T, Culleton  R, Otani  H, Horii  T, Tanabe  K. Big bang in the evolution of extant malaria parasites. Mol Biol Evol. 2008;25:2233–9. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  26. Duarte  AM, Malafronte  RS, Cerutti  C Jr, Curado  I, de Paiva  BR, Maeda  AY, Natural Plasmodium infections in Brazilian wild monkeys: reservoirs for human infections? Acta Trop. 2008;107:179–85. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  27. Prugnolle  F, Durand  P, Neel  C, Ollomo  B, Ayala  FJ, Arnathau  C, African great apes are natural hosts of multiple related malaria species, including Plasmodium falciparum. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2010;107:1458–63. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  28. Garamszegi  LZ. Patterns of co-speciation and host switching in primate malaria parasites. Malar J. 2009;8:110. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  29. Liu  W, Li  Y, Learn  GH, Rudicell  RS, Robertson  JD, Keele  BF, Origin of the human malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum in gorillas. Nature. 2010;467:420–5. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar

Main Article

Page created: August 18, 2011
Page updated: August 18, 2011
Page reviewed: August 18, 2011
The conclusions, findings, and opinions expressed by authors contributing to this journal do not necessarily reflect the official position of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, the Public Health Service, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, or the authors' affiliated institutions. Use of trade names is for identification only and does not imply endorsement by any of the groups named above.
file_external