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Volume 10, Number 1—January 2004
Research

Influenza Epidemics in the United States, France, and Australia, 1972–19971

Cécile Viboud*†Comments to Author , Pierre-Yves Boëlle*‡, Khashayar Pakdaman*, Fabrice Carrat*‡, Alain-Jacques Valleron*‡, and Antoine Flahault*†‡
Author affiliations: *Institute National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Paris, France; †World Health Organization Collaborating Center for Electronic Diseases Surveillance, Paris, France; ‡Hôpitaux de Paris, CHU Saint-Antoine, Paris, France

Main Article

Figure 4

Synchrony in the timing of the peaks of influenza epidemics for 26 influenza years (1972–1997). Distribution of the time lags between the epidemic peaks in weeks (main plot). The red bars represent the observed lags, and the dashed line represents the distribution of lags obtained by permutations. (inset plot) Distribution of the standard deviation of permuted lags under the assumption of no synchrony. Red arrow indicates the standard deviation in the observed data. A, United States and France,

Figure 4. Synchrony in the timing of the peaks of influenza epidemics for 26 influenza years (1972–1997). Distribution of the time lags between the epidemic peaks in weeks (main plot). The red bars represent the observed lags, and the dashed line represents the distribution of lags obtained by permutations. (inset plot) Distribution of the standard deviation of permuted lags under the assumption of no synchrony. Red arrow indicates the standard deviation in the observed data. A, United States and France, b) United States and Australia, C, France and Australia. Panels B and C illustrate the scenario in which the influenza season in Australia is systematically 6 months before that of the United States or France. Similar results are obtained for the reverse scenario.

Main Article

1 This paper was presented at the Emerging Infectious Diseases conference held March 24–27, 2002, in Atlanta, Georgia, USA.

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