Skip directly to site content Skip directly to page options Skip directly to A-Z link Skip directly to A-Z link Skip directly to A-Z link
Volume 5, Number 3—June 1999
Synopsis

Human Herpesvirus 6: An Emerging Pathogen

Gabriella Campadelli-FiumeComments to Author , Prisco Mirandola, and Laura Menotti
Author affiliations: University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy

Main Article

Figure 1

Schematic representation of HHV-6 and HHV-7 genomes. The genomes are colinear. Homologies are 46.6% to 84.9%. Red blocks represent the herpesvirus core genes, numbered from I to VII. Yellow blocks represent ß-herpesvirus subfamily-specific genes (from U2 to U14). Green blocks indicate genes present only in the Roseolovirus genus, i.e., in HHV-6 and HHV-7. Only three ORFs (U22, U83 and U94) are present in HHV-6 and absent from HHV-7 (modified from [15]).

Figure 1. Schematic representation of HHV-6 and HHV-7 genomes. The genomes are colinear. Homologies are 46.6% to 84.9%. Red blocks represent the herpesvirus core genes, numbered from I to VII. Yellow blocks represent ß-herpesvirus subfamily-specific genes (from U2 to U14). Green blocks indicate genes present only in the Roseolovirus genus, i.e., in HHV-6 and HHV-7. Only three ORFs (U22, U83 and U94) are present in HHV-6 and absent from HHV-7 (modified from [15]).

Main Article

References
  1. Salahuddin  SZ, Ablashi  DV, Markham  PD, Josephs  SF, Sturzenegger  S, Kaplan  M, Isolation of a new virus, HBLV, in patients with lymphoproliferative disorders. Science. 1986;234:596–601. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  2. Josephs  SF, Salahuddin  SZ, Ablashi  DV, Schachter  F, Wong Staal  F, Gallo  RC. Genomic analysis of the human B-lymphotropic virus (HBLV). Science. 1986;234:601–3. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  3. Downing  RG, Sewankambo  N, Serwadda  D, Honess  R, Crawford  D, Jarrett  R, Isolation of human lympho-tropic herpesviruses from Uganda. Lancet. 1987;2:390. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  4. Tedder  RS, Briggs  M, Cameron  CH, Honess  R, Robertson  D, Whittle  H. A novel lymphotropic herpesvirus. Lancet. 1987;2:390–2. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  5. Lopez  C, Pellett  P, Stewart  J, Goldsmith  C, Sanderlin  K, Black  J, Characteristics of human herpesvirus-6. J Infect Dis. 1988;157:1271–3.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  6. Takahashi  K, Sonoda  S, Higashi  K, Kondo  T, Takahashi  H, Takahashi  M, Predominant CD4 T-lymphocyte tropism of human herpesvirus 6-related virus. J Virol. 1989;63:3161–3.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  7. Ablashi  DV, Salahuddin  SZ, Josephs  SF, Imam  F, Lusso  P, Gallo  RC, HBLV (or HHV-6) in human cell lines. Nature. 1987;329:207. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  8. Yamanishi  K, Okuno  T, Shiraki  K, Takahashi  M, Kondo  T, Asano  Y, Identification of human herpesvirus-6 as a causal agent for exanthem subitum. Lancet. 1988;1:1065–7. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  9. Levy  JA, Ferro  F, Greenspan  D, Lennette  ET. Frequent isolation of HHV-6 from saliva and high seroprevalence of the virus in the population. Lancet. 1990;335:1047–50. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  10. Harnett  GB, Farr  TJ, Pietroboni  GR, Bucens  MR. Frequent shedding of human herpesvirus 6 in saliva. J Med Virol. 1990;30:128–30. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  11. Ablashi  DV, Lusso  P, Hung  CL, Salahuddin  SZ, Josephs  SF, Llana  T, Utilization of human hematopoietic cell lines for the propagation and characterization of HBLV (human herpesvirus 6). Int J Cancer. 1988;42:787–91. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  12. Katsafanas  GC, Schirmer  EC, Wyatt  LS, Frenkel  N. In vitro activation of human herpesviruses 6 and 7 from latency. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1996;93:9788–92. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  13. Braun  DK, Dominguez  G, Pellett  PE. Human herpesvirus 6. Clin Microbiol Rev. 1997;10:521–67.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  14. Gompels  UA, Nicholas  J, Lawrence  G, Jones  M, Thomson  BJ, Martin  ME, The DNA sequence of human herpesvirus-6: structure, coding content, and genome evolution. Virology. 1995;209:29–51. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  15. Nicholas  J. Determination and analysis of the complete nucleotide sequence of human herpesvirus 7. J Virol. 1996;70:5975–89.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  16. Nicholas  J, Martin  ME. Nucleotide sequence analysis of a 38.5-kilobase-pair region of the genome of human herpesvirus 6 encoding human cytomegalovirus immediate-early gene homologs and transactivating functions. J Virol. 1994;68:597–610.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  17. Megaw  AG, Rapaport  D, Avidor  B, Frenkel  N, Davison  AJ. The DNA sequence of the RK strain of human herpesvirus 7. Virology. 1998;244:119–32. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  18. Takeda  K, Nakagawa  N, Yamamoto  T, Inagi  R, Kawanishi  K, Isegawa  Y, Prokaryotic expression of an immediate-early gene of human herpesvirus 6 and analysis of its viral antigen expression in human cells. Virus Res. 1996;41:193–200. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  19. Mori  Y, Yagi  H, Shimamoto  T, Isegawa  Y, Sunagawa  T, Inagi  R, Analysis of human herpesvirus 6 U3 gene, which is a positional homolog of human cytomegalovirus UL 24 gene. Virology. 1998;249:129–39. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  20. Inoue  N, Dambaugh  TR, Rapp  JC, Pellett  PE. Alphaherpesvirus origin-binding protein homolog encoded by human herpesvirus 6B, a betaherpesvirus, binds to nucleotide sequences that are similar to ori regions of alphaherpesviruses. J Virol. 1994;68:4126–36.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  21. Tigue  NJ, Matharu  PJ, Roberts  NA, Mills  JS, Kay  J, Jupp  R. Cloning, expression and characterization of the proteinase from human herpesvirus 6. J Virol. 1996;70:4136–41.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  22. Neipel  F, Ellinger  K, Fleckenstein  B. Gene for the major antigenic structural protein (p100) of human herpesvirus 6. J Virol. 1992;66:3918–24.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  23. Yamamoto  M, Black  JB, Stewart  JA, Lopez  C, Pellett  PE. Identification of a nucleocapsid protein as a specific serological marker of human herpesvirus 6 infection. J Clin Microbiol. 1990;28:1957–62.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  24. Thomson  BJ, Weindler  FW, Gray  D, Schwaab  V, Heilbronn  R. Human herpesvirus 6 (HHV-6) is a helper virus for adeno-associated virus type 2 (AAV-2) and the AAV-2 rep gene homologue in HHV-6 can mediate AAV-2 DNA replication and regulate gene expression. Virology. 1994;204:304–11. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  25. Rotola  A, Ravaioli  T, Gonelli  A, Sgarzani  C, Cassai  E, Di Luca  D. U94 of human herpesvirus 6 is expressed in latently infected peripheral blood mononuclear cells and blocks viral gene expression in transformed lymphocytes in culture. Proc Natl Acad U S A. 1998;95:13911–6. DOIGoogle Scholar
  26. Isegawa  Y, Ping  Z, Nakano  K, Sugimoto  N, Yamanishi  K. Human herpesvirus 6 open reading frame U12 encodes a functional beta-chemokine receptor. J Virol. 1998;72:6104–12.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  27. Foà-Tomasi  L, Guerrini  S, Huang  T, Campadelli-Fiume  G. Characterization of human herpesvirus-6 (U1102) and (GS) gp112 and identification of the Z29-specified homolog. Virology. 1992;191:511–6. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  28. Ellinger  K, Neipel  F, Foa Tomasi  L, Campadelli Fiume  G, Fleckenstein  B. The glycoprotein B homologue of human herpesvirus 6. J Gen Virol. 1993;74:495–500. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  29. Campadelli Fiume  G, Guerrini  S, Liu  X, Foà Tomasi  L. Monoclonal antibodies to glycoprotein B differentiate human herpesvirus 6 into two clusters, variants A and B. J Gen Virol. 1993;74:2257–62. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  30. Balachandran  N, Amelse  RE, Zhou  WW, Chang  CK. Identification of proteins specific for human herpesvirus 6-infected human T cells. J Virol. 1989;63:2835–40.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  31. Foà-Tomasi  L, Boscaro  A, di Gaeta  S, Campadelli Fiume  G. Monoclonal antibodies to gp100 inhibit penetration of human herpesvirus 6 and polykaryocyte formation in susceptible cells. J Virol. 1991;65:4124–9.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  32. Liu  DX, Gompels  UA, Foà Tomasi  L, Campadelli Fiume  G. Human herpesvirus-6 glycoprotein H and L homologs are components of the gp100 complex and the gH external domain is the target for neutralizing monoclonal antibodies. Virology. 1993;197:12–22. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  33. Cirone  M, Campadelli Fiume  G, Foà-Tomasi  L, Torrisi  MR, Faggioni  A. Human herpesvirus 6 envelope glycoproteins B and H-L complex are undetectable on the plasma membrane of infected lymphocytes. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses. 1994;10:175–9. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  34. Schirmer  EC, Wyatt  LS, Yamanishi  K, Rodriguez  WJ, Frenkel  N. Differentiation between two distinct classes of viruses now classified as human herpesvirus 6. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1991;88:5922–6. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  35. Ablashi  DV, Balachandran  N, Josephs  SF, Hung  CL, Krueger  GR, Kramarsky  B, Genomic polymorphism, growth properties, and immunologic variations in human herpesvirus-6 isolates. Virology. 1991;184:545–52. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  36. Aubin  JT, Collandre  H, Candotti  D, Ingrand  D, Rouzioux  C, Burgard  M, Several groups among human herpesvirus 6 strains can be distinguished by Southern blotting and polymerase chain reaction. J Clin Microbiol. 1991;29:367–72.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  37. Mirandola  P, Menegazzi  P, Merighi  S, Ravaioli  T, Cassai  E, Di Luca  D. Temporal mapping of transcripts in herpesvirus 6 variants. J Virol. 1998;72:3837–44.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  38. Ablashi  D, Agut  H, Berneman  Z, Campadelli Fiume  G, Carrigan  D, Ceccherini Nelli  L, Human herpesvirus-6 strain groups: a nomenclature. Arch Virol. 1993;129:363–6. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  39. Ranger  S, Patillaud  S, Denis  F, Himmich  A, Sangare  A, M'Boup  S, Seroepidemiology of human herpesvirus-6 in pregnant women from different parts of the world. J Med Virol. 1991;34:194–8. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  40. Adams  O, Krempe  C, Kogler  G, Wernet  P, Scheid  A. Congenital infections with human herpesvirus 6. J Infect Dis. 1998;178:544–6.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  41. Pruksananonda  P, Hall  CB, Insel  RA, McIntyre  K, Pellett  PE, Long  CE, Primary human herpesvirus 6 infection in young children. N Engl J Med. 1992;326:1445–50.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  42. Hall  CB, Long  CE, Schnabel  KC, Caserta  MT, McIntyre  KM, Costanzo  MA, Human herpesvirus-6 infection in children. A prospective study of complications and reactivation. N Engl J Med. 1994;331:432–8. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  43. Kasolo  FC, Mpabalwani  E, Gompels  UA. Infection with AIDS-related herpesviruses in human immunodeficiency virus-negative infants and endemic childhood Kaposi's sarcoma in Africa. J Gen Virol. 1997;78:847–55.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  44. Portolani  M, Cermelli  C, Moroni  A, Bertolani  MF, Di Luca  D, Cassai  E, Human herpesvirus-6 infections in infants admitted to hospital. J Med Virol. 1993;39:146–51. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  45. Tanaka  K, Kondo  T, Torigoe  S, Okada  S, Mukai  T, Yamanishi  K. Human herpesvirus 7: another causal agent for roseola (exanthem subitum). J Pediatr. 1994;125:1–5. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  46. Caserta  MT, Hall  CB, Schnabel  K, Long  CE, D'Heron  N. Primary human herpesvirus 7 infection: a comparison of human herpesvirus 7 and human herpesvirus 6 infections in children. J Pediatr. 1998;133:386–9. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  47. Di Luca  D, Mirandola  P, Ravaioli  T, Bigoni  B, Cassai  E. Distribution of HHV-6 variants in human tissues. Infect Agents Dis. 1996;5:203–14.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  48. Leach  CT, Newton  ER, McParlin  S, Jenson  HB. Human herpesvirus 6 infection of the female genital tract. J Infect Dis. 1994;169:1281–3.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  49. Okuno  T, Oishi  H, Hayashi  K, Nonogaki  M, Tanaka  K, Yamanishi  K. Human herpesviruses 6 and 7 in cervixes of pregnant women. J Clin Microbiol. 1995;33:1968–70.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  50. Dunne  WM Jr, Jevon  M. Examination of human breast milk for evidence of human herpesvirus 6 by polymerase chain reaction. J Infect Dis. 1993;168:250.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  51. Daibata  M, Taguchi  T, Kamioka  M, Kubonishi  I, Taguchi  H, Miyoshi  I. Identification of integrated human herpesvirus 6 DNA in early pre-B cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Leukemia. 1998;12:1002–4. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  52. Luppi  M, Barozzi  P, Morris  CM, Merelli  E, Torelli  G. Integration of human herpesvirus 6 genome in human chromosomes. Lancet. 1998;352:1707–8. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  53. Dewhurst  S, McIntyre  K, Schnabel  K, Hall  CB. Human herpesvirus 6 (HHV-6) variant B accounts for the majority of symptomatic primary HHV-6 infections in a population of U.S. infants. J Clin Microbiol. 1993;31:416–8.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  54. van Loon  NM, Gummuluru  S, Sherwood  DJ, Marentes  R, Hall  CB, Dewhurst  S. Direct sequence analysis of human herpesvirus 6 (HHV-6) sequences from infants and comparison of HHV-6 sequences from mother/infant pairs. Clin Infect Dis. 1995;21:1017–9.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  55. Kondo  K, Kondo  T, Okuno  T, Takahashi  M, Yamanishi  K. Latent human herpesvirus 6 infection of human monocytes/macrophages. J Gen Virol. 1991;72:1401–8. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  56. Luppi  M, Barozzi  P, Morris  C, Maiorana  A, Garber  R, Bonacorsi  G, Human herpesvirus 6 latently infects early bone marrow pregenitors in vivo. J Virol. 1999;73:754–9.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  57. DesJardin  JA, Gibbons  L, Cho  E, Supran  SE, Falagas  ME, Werner  BG, Human herpesvirus 6 reactivation is associated with cytomegalovirus infection and syndromes in kidney transplant recipients at risk for primary cytomegalovirus infection. J Infect Dis. 1998;178:1783–6. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  58. Ratnamohan  VM, Chapman  J, Howse  H, Bovington  K, Robertson  P, Byth  K, Cytomegalovirus and human herpesvirus 6 both cause viral disease after renal transplantation. Transplantation. 1998;66:877–82. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  59. Osman  HK, Peiris  JS, Taylor  CE, Warwicker  P, Jarrett  RF, Madeley  CR. "Cytomegalovirus disease" in renal allograft recipients: is human herpesvirus 7 a co-factor for disease progression? J Med Virol. 1996;48:295–301. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  60. Yalcin  S, Karpuzoglu  T, Suleymanlar  G, Mutlu  G, Mukai  T, Yamamoto  T, Human herpesvirus 6 and human herpesvirus 7 infections in renal transplant recipients and healthy adults in Turkey. Arch Virol. 1994;136:183–90. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  61. Drobyski  WR, Knox  KK, Majewski  D, Carrigan  DR. Brief report: fatal encephalitis due to variant B human herpesvirus-6 infection in a bone marrow-transplant recipient. N Engl J Med. 1994;330:1356–60. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  62. Cone  RW, Huang  ML, Hackman  RC, Corey  L. Coinfection with human herpesvirus 6 variants A and B in lung tissue. J Clin Microbiol. 1996;34:877–81.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  63. Bosi  A, Zazzi  M, Amantini  A, Cellerini  M, Vannucchi  AM, De Milito  A, Fatal herpesvirus 6 encephalitis after unrelated bone marrow. Bone Marrow Transplant. 1998;22:285–8. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  64. Secchiero  P, Carrigan  DR, Asano  Y, Benedetti  L, Crowley  RW, Komaroff  AL, Detection of human herpesvirus 6 in plasma of children with primary infection and immunosuppressed patients by polymerase chain reaction. J Infect Dis. 1995;171:273–80.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  65. Clark  DA, Ait Khaled  M, Wheeler  AC, Kidd  IM, McLaughlin  JE, Johnson  MA, Quantification of human herpesvirus 6 in immunocompetent persons and post-mortem tissues from AIDS patients by PCR. J Gen Virol. 1996;77:2271–5. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  66. Lusso  P, Gallo  RC. HHV-6 and CMV pneumonitis in immunocompromised patients. Lancet. 1994;343:1647–8. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  67. Knox  KK, Carrigan  DR. Disseminated active HHV-6 infections in patients with AIDS. Lancet. 1994;343:577–8. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  68. Lusso  P, Gallo  RC. Human herpesvirus 6 in AIDS. Immunol Today. 1995;16:67–71. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  69. Dolcetti  R, Di Luca  D, Carbone  A, Mirandola  P, De Vita  S, Vaccher  E, Human herpesvirus 6 in human immunodeficiency virus-infected individuals: association with early histologic phases of lymphadenopathy syndrome but not with malignant lymphoproliferative disorders. J Med Virol. 1996;48:344–53. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  70. Akashi  K, Eizuru  Y, Sumiyoshi  Y, Minematsu  T, Hara  S, Harada  M, Brief report: severe infectious mononucleosis-like syndrome and primary human herpesvirus 6 infection in an adult. N Engl J Med. 1993;329:168–71. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  71. Kempf  W, Adams  V, Wey  N, Moos  R, Schmid  M, Avitabile  E, CD68+ cells of monocyte/macrophage lineage in the environment of AIDS-associated and classic-sporadic Kaposi sarcoma are singly or doubly infected with human herpesviruses 7 and 6B. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1997;94:7600–5. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  72. Fox  JD, Briggs  M, Ward  PA, Tedder  RS. Human herpesvirus 6 in salivary glands. Lancet. 1990;336:590–3. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  73. Lusso  P, Gallo  RC, DeRocco  SE, Markham  PD. CD4 is not the membrane receptor for HHV-6. Lancet. 1989;1:730. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  74. Cermelli  C, Concari  M, Carubbi  F, Fabio  G, Sabbatini  AM, Pecorari  M, Growth of human herpesvirus 6 in HEPG2 cells. Virus Res. 1996;45:75–85. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  75. Levy  JA, Ferro  F, Lennette  ET, Oshiro  L, Poulin  L. Characterization of a new strain of HHV-6 (HHV-6SF) recovered from the saliva of an HIV-infected individual. Virology. 1990;178:113–21. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  76. Ablashi  DV, Lusso  P, Hung  CL, Salahuddin  SZ, Josephs  SF, Llana  T, Utilization of human hematopoietic cell lines for the propagation and characterization of HBLV (human herpesvirus 6). Dev Biol Stand. 1989;70:139–46.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  77. Albright  AV, Lavi  E, Black  JB, Goldberg  S, O'Connor  MJ, Gonzalez-Scarano  F. The effect of human herpesvirus-6 (HHV-6) on cultured human neural cells: oligodendrocytes and microglia. J Neurovirol. 1998;4:486–94. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  78. Challoner  PB, Smith  KT, Parker  JD, MacLeod  DL, Coulter  SN, Rose  TM, Plaque-associated expression of human herpesvirus 6 in multiple sclerosis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1995;92:7440–4. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  79. Knox  KK, Harrington  DP, Carrigan  DR. Fulminant human herpesvirus six encephalitis in a human immunodeficiency virus-infected infant. J Med Virol. 1995;45:288–92. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  80. Luppi  M, Barozzi  P, Maiorana  A, Marasca  R, Torelli  G. Human herpesvirus 6 infection in normal human brain tissue. J Infect Dis. 1994;169:943–4.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  81. Mackenzie  IR, Carrigan  DR, Wiley  CA. Chronic myelopathy associated with human herpesvirus-6. Neurology. 1995;45:2015–7.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  82. Carrigan  DR, Harrington  D, Knox  KK. Subacute leukoencephalitis caused by CNS infection with human herpesvirus-6 manifesting as acute multiple sclerosis. Neurology. 1996;47:145–8.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  83. Hall  CB, Caserta  MT, Schnabel  KC, Long  C, Epstein  LG, Insel  RA, Persistence of human herpesvirus 6 according to site and variant: possible greater neurotropism of variant A. Clin Infect Dis. 1998;26:132–7. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  84. Sola  P, Merelli  E, Marasca  R, Poggi  M, Luppi  M, Montorsi  M, Human herpesvirus 6 and multiple sclerosis: survey of anti-HHV-6 antibodies by immunofluorescence analysis and of viral sequences by polymerase chain reaction. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1993;56:917–9. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  85. Coates  AR, Bell  J. HHV-6 and multiple sclerosis. Nat Med. 1998;4:537–8. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  86. Soldan  SS, Berti  R, Salem  N, Secchiero  P, Flamand  L, Calabresi  PA, Association of human herpes virus 6 (HHV-6) with multiple sclerosis: increased IgM response to HHV-6 early antigen and detection of serum HHV-6 DNA. Nat Med. 1997;3:1394–7. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  87. Wilborn  F, Schmidt  CA, Brinkmann  V, Jendroska  K, Oettle  H, Siegert  W. A potential role for human herpesvirus type 6 in nervous system disease. J Neuroimmunol. 1994;49:213–4. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  88. Sanders  VJ, Felisan  S, Waddell  A, Tourtellotte  WW. Detection of herpesviridae in postmortem multiple sclerosis brain tissue and controls by polymerase chain reaction. J Neurovirol. 1996;2:249–58. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  89. Martin  C, Enbom  M, Soderstrom  M, Fredrikson  S, Dahl  H, Lycke  J, Absence of seven human herpesviruses, including HHV-6, by polymerase chain reaction in CSF and blood from patients with multiple sclerosis and optic neuritis. Acta Neurol Scand. 1997;95:280–3. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  90. Fillet  AM, Lozeron  P, Agut  H, Lyon-Caen  O, Liblau  R. HHV-6 and multiple sclerosis. [discussion 538]. Nat Med. 1998;4:537. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  91. Mirandola  P, Stefan  A, Brambilla  E, Campadelli-Fiume  G, Grimaldi  LME. Absence of human herpesvirus 6 and 7 from spinal fluid and serum of multiple sclerosis patients. Neurology. 1999. In press.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  92. Chang  Y, Cesarman  E, Pessin  MS, Lee  F, Culpepper  J, Knowles  DM, Identification of herpesvirus-like DNA sequences in AIDS-associated Kaposi's sarcoma. Science. 1994;266:1865–9. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  93. Moore  PS, Chang  Y. Detection of herpesvirus-like DNA sequences in Kaposi's sarcoma in patients with and without HIV infection. N Engl J Med. 1995;332:1181–5. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  94. Kempf  W, Adams  V, Mirandola  P, Menotti  L, Di Luca  D, Wey  N, Persistence of human herpesvirus 7 in normal tissues detected by expression of a structural antigen. J Infect Dis. 1998;178:841–5. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  95. Bovenzi  P, Mirandola  P, Secchiero  P, Strumia  R, Cassai  E, Di Luca  D. Human herpesvirus 6 (variant A) in Kaposi's sarcoma. Lancet. 1993;341:1288–9. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  96. Kempf  W, Adams  V, Pfaltz  M, Briner  J, Schmid  M, Moos  R, Human herpesvirus type 6 and cytomegalovirus in AIDS-associated Kaposi's sarcoma: no evidence for an etiological association. Hum Pathol. 1995;26:914–9. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  97. Kashanchi  F, Araujo  J, Doniger  J, Muralidhar  S, Hoch  R, Khleif  S, Human herpesvirus 6 (HHV-6) ORF-1 transactivating gene exhibits malignant transforming activity and its protein binds to p53. Oncogene. 1997;14:359–67. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  98. Thompson  J, Choudhury  S, Kashanchi  F, Doniger  J, Berneman  Z, Frenkel  N, A transforming fragment within the direct repeat region of human herpesvirus type 6 that transactivates HIV-1. Oncogene. 1994;9:1167–75.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  99. Razzaque  A. Oncogenic potential of human herpesvirus-6 DNA. Oncogene. 1990;5:1365–70.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  100. Patnaik  M, Komaroff  AL, Conley  E, Ojo Amaize  EA, Peter  JB. Prevalence of IgM antibodies to human herpesvirus 6 early antigen (p41/38) in patients with chronic fatigue syndrome. J Infect Dis. 1995;172:1364–7.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  101. Di Luca  D, Zorzenon  M, Mirandola  P, Colle  R, Botta  GA, Cassai  E. Human herpesvirus 6 and human herpesvirus 7 in chronic fatigue syndrome. J Clin Microbiol. 1995;33:1660–1.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  102. Yalcin  S, Kuratsune  H, Yamaguchi  K, Kitani  T, Yamanishi  K. Prevalence of human herpesvirus 6 variants A and B in patients with chronic fatigue syndrome. Microbiol Immunol. 1994;38:587–90.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  103. Ablashi  DV, Josephs  SF, Buchbinder  A, Hellman  K, Nakamura  S, Llana  T, Human B-lymphotropic virus (human herpesvirus-6). J Virol Methods. 1988;21:29–48. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  104. Menotti  L, Mirandola  P, Locati  M, Campadelli Fiume  G. Trafficking to the plasma membrane of the seven-transmembrane protein encoded by human herpesvirus-6 U51 gene involves a cell-specific function present in T-lymphocytes. J Virol. 1999;73:325–33.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  105. Milne  RSB, Nicholson  L, Devaraj  P, Gompels  UA. The human herpesvirus 6 U51-encoded chemokine receptor-like protein down regulates expression of the chemokine RANTES. In: Proceedings of the 23rd International Herpesvirus Workshop; 1998; York, United Kingdom.

Main Article

Page created: December 10, 2010
Page updated: December 10, 2010
Page reviewed: December 10, 2010
The conclusions, findings, and opinions expressed by authors contributing to this journal do not necessarily reflect the official position of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, the Public Health Service, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, or the authors' affiliated institutions. Use of trade names is for identification only and does not imply endorsement by any of the groups named above.
file_external