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Global Health Security Supplement

Volume 23, Supplement—December 2017   PDF Version [PDF - 7.66 MB - 236 pages]

SUPPLEMENT ISSUE
Global Health Security Supplement

Overview

  • Progress and Opportunities for Strengthening Global Health Security PDF Version [PDF - 791 KB - 4 pages]
    F. J. Angulo et al.
            Cite This Article
    EID Angulo FJ, Cassell CH, Tappero JW, Bunnell RE. Progress and Opportunities for Strengthening Global Health Security. Emerg Infect Dis. 2017;23(13). https://dx.doi.org/10.3201/eid2313.171758
    AMA Angulo FJ, Cassell CH, Tappero JW, et al. Progress and Opportunities for Strengthening Global Health Security. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2017;23(13). doi:10.3201/eid2313.171758.
    APA Angulo, F. J., Cassell, C. H., Tappero, J. W., & Bunnell, R. E. (2017). Progress and Opportunities for Strengthening Global Health Security. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 23(13). https://dx.doi.org/10.3201/eid2313.171758.
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  • US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and Its Partners’ Contributions to Global Health Security PDF Version [PDF - 2.73 MB - 10 pages]
    J. W. Tappero et al.
    Podcast - Global Health Security
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    To achieve compliance with the revised World Health Organization International Health Regulations (IHR 2005), countries must be able to rapidly prevent, detect, and respond to public health threats. Most nations, however, remain unprepared to manage and control complex health emergencies, whether due to natural disasters, emerging infectious disease outbreaks, or the inadvertent or intentional release of highly pathogenic organisms. The US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) works with countries and partners to build and strengthen global health security preparedness so they can quickly respond to public health crises. This report highlights selected CDC global health protection platform accomplishments that help mitigate global health threats and build core, cross-cutting capacity to identify and contain disease outbreaks at their source. CDC contributions support country efforts to achieve IHR 2005 compliance, contribute to the international framework for countering infectious disease crises, and enhance health security for Americans and populations around the world.

        Cite This Article
    EID Tappero JW, Cassell CH, Bunnell RE, Angulo FJ, Craig A, Pesik N, et al. US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and Its Partners’ Contributions to Global Health Security. Emerg Infect Dis. 2017;23(13). https://dx.doi.org/10.3201/eid2313.170946
    AMA Tappero JW, Cassell CH, Bunnell RE, et al. US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and Its Partners’ Contributions to Global Health Security. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2017;23(13). doi:10.3201/eid2313.170946.
    APA Tappero, J. W., Cassell, C. H., Bunnell, R. E., Angulo, F. J., Craig, A., Pesik, N....Martin, R. (2017). US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and Its Partners’ Contributions to Global Health Security. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 23(13). https://dx.doi.org/10.3201/eid2313.170946.
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  • Contributions of the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention in Implementing the Global Health Security Agenda in 17 Partner Countries PDF Version [PDF - 1.22 MB - 10 pages]
    A. G. Fitzmaurice et al.
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    The Global Health Security Agenda (GHSA), a partnership of nations, international organizations, and civil society, was launched in 2014 with a mission to build countries’ capacities to respond to infectious disease threats and to foster global compliance with the International Health Regulations (IHR 2005). The US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) assists partner nations to improve IHR 2005 capacities and achieve GHSA targets. To assess progress through these CDC-supported efforts, we analyzed country activity reports dating from April 2015 through March 2017. Our analysis shows that CDC helped 17 Phase I countries achieve 675 major GHSA accomplishments, particularly in the cross-cutting areas of public health surveillance, laboratory systems, workforce development, and emergency response management. CDC’s engagement has been critical to these accomplishments, but sustained support is needed until countries attain IHR 2005 capacities, thereby fostering national and regional health protection and ensuring a world safer and more secure from global health threats.

        Cite This Article
    EID Fitzmaurice AG, Mahar M, Moriarty LF, Bartee M, Hirai M, Li W, et al. Contributions of the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention in Implementing the Global Health Security Agenda in 17 Partner Countries. Emerg Infect Dis. 2017;23(13). https://dx.doi.org/10.3201/eid2313.170898
    AMA Fitzmaurice AG, Mahar M, Moriarty LF, et al. Contributions of the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention in Implementing the Global Health Security Agenda in 17 Partner Countries. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2017;23(13). doi:10.3201/eid2313.170898.
    APA Fitzmaurice, A. G., Mahar, M., Moriarty, L. F., Bartee, M., Hirai, M., Li, W....Bunnell, R. E. (2017). Contributions of the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention in Implementing the Global Health Security Agenda in 17 Partner Countries. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 23(13). https://dx.doi.org/10.3201/eid2313.170898.
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  • Ebola Response Impact on Public Health Programs, West Africa, 2014–2017 PDF Version [PDF - 1.01 MB - 8 pages]
    B. J. Marston et al.
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    Events such as the 2014–2015 West Africa epidemic of Ebola virus disease highlight the importance of the capacity to detect and respond to public health threats. We describe capacity-building efforts during and after the Ebola epidemic in Liberia, Sierra Leone, and Guinea and public health progress that was made as a result of the Ebola response in 4 key areas: emergency response, laboratory capacity, surveillance, and workforce development. We further highlight ways in which capacity-building efforts such as those used in West Africa can be accelerated after a public health crisis to improve preparedness for future events.

        Cite This Article
    EID Marston BJ, Dokubo E, van Steelandt A, Martel L, Williams D, Hersey S, et al. Ebola Response Impact on Public Health Programs, West Africa, 2014–2017. Emerg Infect Dis. 2017;23(13). https://dx.doi.org/10.3201/eid2313.170727
    AMA Marston BJ, Dokubo E, van Steelandt A, et al. Ebola Response Impact on Public Health Programs, West Africa, 2014–2017. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2017;23(13). doi:10.3201/eid2313.170727.
    APA Marston, B. J., Dokubo, E., van Steelandt, A., Martel, L., Williams, D., Hersey, S....Redd, J. T. (2017). Ebola Response Impact on Public Health Programs, West Africa, 2014–2017. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 23(13). https://dx.doi.org/10.3201/eid2313.170727.
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  • Joint External Evaluation—Development and Scale-Up of Global Multisectoral Health Capacity Evaluation Process PDF Version [PDF - 742 KB - 7 pages]
    E. Bell et al.
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    The Joint External Evaluation (JEE), a consolidation of the World Health Organization (WHO) International Health Regulations 2005 (IHR 2005) Monitoring and Evaluation Framework and the Global Health Security Agenda country assessment tool, is an objective, voluntary, independent peer-to-peer multisectoral assessment of a country’s health security preparedness and response capacity across 19 IHR technical areas. WHO approved the standardized JEE tool in February 2016. The JEE process is wholly transparent; countries request a JEE and are encouraged to make its findings public. Donors (e.g., member states, public and private partners, and other public health institutions) can support countries in addressing identified JEE gaps, and implementing country-led national action plans for health security. Through July 2017, 52 JEEs were completed, and 25 more countries were scheduled across WHO’s 6 regions. JEEs facilitate progress toward IHR 2005 implementation, thereby building trust and mutual accountability among countries to detect and respond to public health threats.

        Cite This Article
    EID Bell E, Tappero JW, Ijaz K, Bartee M, Fernandez J, Burris H, et al. Joint External Evaluation—Development and Scale-Up of Global Multisectoral Health Capacity Evaluation Process. Emerg Infect Dis. 2017;23(13). https://dx.doi.org/10.3201/eid2313.170949
    AMA Bell E, Tappero JW, Ijaz K, et al. Joint External Evaluation—Development and Scale-Up of Global Multisectoral Health Capacity Evaluation Process. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2017;23(13). doi:10.3201/eid2313.170949.
    APA Bell, E., Tappero, J. W., Ijaz, K., Bartee, M., Fernandez, J., Burris, H....Jafari, H. (2017). Joint External Evaluation—Development and Scale-Up of Global Multisectoral Health Capacity Evaluation Process. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 23(13). https://dx.doi.org/10.3201/eid2313.170949.
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  • Synergies between Communicable and Noncommunicable Disease Programs to Enhance Global Health Security PDF Version [PDF - 584 KB - 7 pages]
    D. Kostova et al.
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    Noncommunicable diseases are the leading cause of death and disability worldwide. Initiatives that advance the prevention and control of noncommunicable diseases support the goals of global health security in several ways. First, in addressing health needs that typically require long-term care, these programs can strengthen health delivery and health monitoring systems, which can serve as necessary platforms for emergency preparedness in low-resource environments. Second, by improving population health, the programs might help to reduce susceptibility to infectious outbreaks. Finally, in aiming to reduce the economic burden associated with premature illness and death from noncommunicable diseases, these initiatives contribute to the objectives of international development, thereby helping to improve overall country capacity for emergency response.

        Cite This Article
    EID Kostova D, Husain MJ, Sugerman D, Hong Y, Saraiya M, Keltz J, et al. Synergies between Communicable and Noncommunicable Disease Programs to Enhance Global Health Security. Emerg Infect Dis. 2017;23(13). https://dx.doi.org/10.3201/eid2313.170581
    AMA Kostova D, Husain MJ, Sugerman D, et al. Synergies between Communicable and Noncommunicable Disease Programs to Enhance Global Health Security. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2017;23(13). doi:10.3201/eid2313.170581.
    APA Kostova, D., Husain, M. J., Sugerman, D., Hong, Y., Saraiya, M., Keltz, J....Asma, S. (2017). Synergies between Communicable and Noncommunicable Disease Programs to Enhance Global Health Security. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 23(13). https://dx.doi.org/10.3201/eid2313.170581.
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Prevent

  • Strengthening Global Surveillance for Antimicrobial Drug–Resistant Neisseria gonorrhoeae through the Enhanced Gonococcal Antimicrobial Surveillance Program PDF Version [PDF - 701 KB - 6 pages]
    E. J. Weston et al.
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    Monitoring trends in antimicrobial drug–resistant Neisseria gonorrhoeae is a critical public health and global health security activity because the number of antimicrobial drugs available to treat gonorrhea effectively is rapidly diminishing. Current global surveillance methods for antimicrobial drug–resistant N. gonorrhoeae have many limitations, especially in countries with the greatest burden of disease. The Enhanced Gonococcal Antimicrobial Surveillance Program is a collaboration between the World Health Organization and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. The program aims to monitor trends in antimicrobial drug susceptibilities in N. gonorrhoeae by using standardized sampling and laboratory protocols; to improve the quality, comparability, and timeliness of gonococcal antimicrobial drug resistance data across multiple countries; and to assess resistance patterns in key populations at highest risk for antimicrobial drug–resistant gonorrhea so country-specific treatment guidelines can be informed.

        Cite This Article
    EID Weston EJ, Wi T, Papp J. Strengthening Global Surveillance for Antimicrobial Drug–Resistant Neisseria gonorrhoeae through the Enhanced Gonococcal Antimicrobial Surveillance Program. Emerg Infect Dis. 2017;23(13). https://dx.doi.org/10.3201/eid2313.170443
    AMA Weston EJ, Wi T, Papp J. Strengthening Global Surveillance for Antimicrobial Drug–Resistant Neisseria gonorrhoeae through the Enhanced Gonococcal Antimicrobial Surveillance Program. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2017;23(13). doi:10.3201/eid2313.170443.
    APA Weston, E. J., Wi, T., & Papp, J. (2017). Strengthening Global Surveillance for Antimicrobial Drug–Resistant Neisseria gonorrhoeae through the Enhanced Gonococcal Antimicrobial Surveillance Program. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 23(13). https://dx.doi.org/10.3201/eid2313.170443.
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  • Capacity Development through the US President’s Malaria Initiative–Supported Antimalarial Resistance Monitoring in Africa Network PDF Version [PDF - 645 KB - 4 pages]
    E. S. Halsey et al.
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    Antimalarial drug resistance is an evolving global health security threat to malaria control. Early detection of Plasmodium falciparum resistance through therapeutic efficacy studies and associated genetic analyses may facilitate timely implementation of intervention strategies. The US President’s Malaria Initiative–supported Antimalarial Resistance Monitoring in Africa Network has assisted numerous laboratories in partner countries in acquiring the knowledge and capability to independently monitor for molecular markers of antimalarial drug resistance.

        Cite This Article
    EID Halsey ES, Venkatesan M, Plucinski MM, Talundzic E, Lucchi NW, Zhou Z, et al. Capacity Development through the US President’s Malaria Initiative–Supported Antimalarial Resistance Monitoring in Africa Network. Emerg Infect Dis. 2017;23(13). https://dx.doi.org/10.3201/eid2313.170366
    AMA Halsey ES, Venkatesan M, Plucinski MM, et al. Capacity Development through the US President’s Malaria Initiative–Supported Antimalarial Resistance Monitoring in Africa Network. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2017;23(13). doi:10.3201/eid2313.170366.
    APA Halsey, E. S., Venkatesan, M., Plucinski, M. M., Talundzic, E., Lucchi, N. W., Zhou, Z....Udhayakumar, V. (2017). Capacity Development through the US President’s Malaria Initiative–Supported Antimalarial Resistance Monitoring in Africa Network. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 23(13). https://dx.doi.org/10.3201/eid2313.170366.
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  • Prioritizing Zoonoses for Global Health Capacity Building—Themes from One Health Zoonotic Disease Workshops in 7 Countries, 2014–2016 PDF Version [PDF - 744 KB - 8 pages]
    S. J. Salyer et al.
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    Zoonotic diseases represent critical threats to global health security. Effective mitigation of the impact of endemic and emerging zoonotic diseases of public health importance requires multisectoral collaboration and interdisciplinary partnerships. The US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention created the One Health Zoonotic Disease Prioritization Tool to help countries identify zoonotic diseases of greatest national concern using input from representatives of human health, agriculture, environment, and wildlife sectors. We review 7 One Health Zoonotic Disease Prioritization Tool workshops conducted during 2014–2016, highlighting workshop outcomes, lessons learned, and shared themes from countries implementing this process. We also describe the tool’s ability to help countries focus One Health capacity-building efforts to appropriately prevent, detect, and respond to zoonotic disease threats.

        Cite This Article
    EID Salyer SJ, Silver R, Simone K, Barton Behravesh C. Prioritizing Zoonoses for Global Health Capacity Building—Themes from One Health Zoonotic Disease Workshops in 7 Countries, 2014–2016. Emerg Infect Dis. 2017;23(13). https://dx.doi.org/10.3201/eid2313.170418
    AMA Salyer SJ, Silver R, Simone K, et al. Prioritizing Zoonoses for Global Health Capacity Building—Themes from One Health Zoonotic Disease Workshops in 7 Countries, 2014–2016. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2017;23(13). doi:10.3201/eid2313.170418.
    APA Salyer, S. J., Silver, R., Simone, K., & Barton Behravesh, C. (2017). Prioritizing Zoonoses for Global Health Capacity Building—Themes from One Health Zoonotic Disease Workshops in 7 Countries, 2014–2016. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 23(13). https://dx.doi.org/10.3201/eid2313.170418.
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  • Zoonotic Disease Programs for Enhancing Global Health Security PDF Version [PDF - 817 KB - 6 pages]
    E. D. Belay et al.
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    Most infectious diseases that recently emerged in humans originated in animals. Besides close contact between animals and humans, other factors probably contribute to the cross-species transmission of infectious diseases. It is critical to establish effective mechanisms for coordination and collaboration between the animal, human, and environmental health sectors before new threats emerge by bringing the different sectors together to tackle endemic zoonotic diseases of greatest concern. Such multisectoral partnerships should begin by identifying priority zoonotic diseases for national engagement with equal input from the different sectors. Improvements in surveillance and data sharing for prioritized zoonotic diseases and enhancements of laboratory testing and joint outbreak response capacities in the human and animal health sectors will create and strengthen the mechanisms necessary to effectively detect and respond to emerging health threats, and thereby enhance global health security.

        Cite This Article
    EID Belay ED, Kile JC, Hall AJ, Barton-Behravesh C, Parsons MB, Salyer SJ, et al. Zoonotic Disease Programs for Enhancing Global Health Security. Emerg Infect Dis. 2017;23(13). https://dx.doi.org/10.3201/eid2313.170544
    AMA Belay ED, Kile JC, Hall AJ, et al. Zoonotic Disease Programs for Enhancing Global Health Security. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2017;23(13). doi:10.3201/eid2313.170544.
    APA Belay, E. D., Kile, J. C., Hall, A. J., Barton-Behravesh, C., Parsons, M. B., Salyer, S. J....Walke, H. (2017). Zoonotic Disease Programs for Enhancing Global Health Security. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 23(13). https://dx.doi.org/10.3201/eid2313.170544.
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  • Frameworks for Preventing, Detecting, and Controlling Zoonotic Diseases PDF Version [PDF - 833 KB - 6 pages]
    M. L. Shiferaw et al.
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    Preventing zoonotic diseases requires coordinated actions by government authorities responsible for human and animal health. Constructing the frameworks needed to foster intersectoral collaboration can be approached in many ways. We highlight 3 examples of approaches to implement zoonotic disease prevention and control programs. The first, rabies control in Ethiopia, was implemented using an umbrella approach: a comprehensive program designed for accelerated impact. The second, a monkeypox program in Democratic Republic of the Congo, was implemented in a stepwise manner, whereby incremental improvements and activities were incorporated into the program. The third approach, a pathogen discovery program, applied in the country of Georgia, was designed to characterize and understand the ecology, epidemiology, and pathogenesis of a new zoonotic pathogen. No one approach is superior, but various factors should be taken into account during design, planning, and implementation.

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    EID Shiferaw ML, Doty JB, Maghlakelidze G, Morgan J, Khmaladze E, Parkadze O, et al. Frameworks for Preventing, Detecting, and Controlling Zoonotic Diseases. Emerg Infect Dis. 2017;23(13). https://dx.doi.org/10.3201/eid2313.170601
    AMA Shiferaw ML, Doty JB, Maghlakelidze G, et al. Frameworks for Preventing, Detecting, and Controlling Zoonotic Diseases. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2017;23(13). doi:10.3201/eid2313.170601.
    APA Shiferaw, M. L., Doty, J. B., Maghlakelidze, G., Morgan, J., Khmaladze, E., Parkadze, O....Reynolds, M. G. (2017). Frameworks for Preventing, Detecting, and Controlling Zoonotic Diseases. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 23(13). https://dx.doi.org/10.3201/eid2313.170601.
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  • Use of a Diagonal Approach to Health System Strengthening and Measles Elimination after a Large Nationwide Outbreak in Mongolia PDF Version [PDF - 690 KB - 8 pages]
    J. E. Hagan et al.
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    Measles is a highly transmissible infectious disease that causes serious illness and death worldwide. Efforts to eliminate measles through achieving high immunization coverage, well-performing surveillance systems, and rapid and effective outbreak response mechanisms while strategically engaging and strengthening health systems have been termed a diagonal approach. In March 2015, a large nationwide measles epidemic occurred in Mongolia, 1 year after verification of measles elimination in this country. A multidisciplinary team conducted an outbreak investigation that included a broad health system assessment, organized around the Global Health Security Agenda framework of Prevent-Detect-Respond, to provide recommendations for evidence-based interventions to interrupt the epidemic and strengthen the overall health system to prevent future outbreaks of measles and other epidemic-prone infectious threats. This investigation demonstrated the value of evaluating elements of the broader health system in investigating measles outbreaks and the need for using a diagonal approach to achieving sustainable measles elimination.

        Cite This Article
    EID Hagan JE, Greiner AL, Luvsansharav U, Lake J, Lee C, Pastore R, et al. Use of a Diagonal Approach to Health System Strengthening and Measles Elimination after a Large Nationwide Outbreak in Mongolia. Emerg Infect Dis. 2017;23(13). https://dx.doi.org/10.3201/eid2313.170594
    AMA Hagan JE, Greiner AL, Luvsansharav U, et al. Use of a Diagonal Approach to Health System Strengthening and Measles Elimination after a Large Nationwide Outbreak in Mongolia. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2017;23(13). doi:10.3201/eid2313.170594.
    APA Hagan, J. E., Greiner, A. L., Luvsansharav, U., Lake, J., Lee, C., Pastore, R....Goodson, J. L. (2017). Use of a Diagonal Approach to Health System Strengthening and Measles Elimination after a Large Nationwide Outbreak in Mongolia. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 23(13). https://dx.doi.org/10.3201/eid2313.170594.
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  • Enhancing Workforce Capacity to Improve Vaccination Data Quality, Uganda PDF Version [PDF - 761 KB - 9 pages]
    K. Ward et al.
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    In Uganda, vaccine dose administration data are often not available or are of insufficient quality to optimally plan, monitor, and evaluate program performance. A collaboration of partners aimed to address these key issues by deploying data improvement teams (DITs) to improve data collection, management, analysis, and use in district health offices and health facilities. During November 2014–September 2016, DITs visited all districts and 89% of health facilities in Uganda. DITs identified gaps in awareness and processes, assessed accuracy of data, and provided on-the-job training to strengthen systems and improve healthcare workers’ knowledge and skills in data quality. Inaccurate data were observed primarily at the health facility level. Improvements in data management and collection practices were observed, although routine follow-up and accountability will be needed to sustain change. The DIT strategy offers a useful approach to enhancing the quality of health data.

        Cite This Article
    EID Ward K, Mugenyi K, Benke A, Luzze H, Kyozira C, Immaculate A, et al. Enhancing Workforce Capacity to Improve Vaccination Data Quality, Uganda. Emerg Infect Dis. 2017;23(13). https://dx.doi.org/10.3201/eid2313.170627
    AMA Ward K, Mugenyi K, Benke A, et al. Enhancing Workforce Capacity to Improve Vaccination Data Quality, Uganda. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2017;23(13). doi:10.3201/eid2313.170627.
    APA Ward, K., Mugenyi, K., Benke, A., Luzze, H., Kyozira, C., Immaculate, A....MacNeil, A. (2017). Enhancing Workforce Capacity to Improve Vaccination Data Quality, Uganda. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 23(13). https://dx.doi.org/10.3201/eid2313.170627.
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  • Expanding Pertussis Epidemiology in 6 Latin America Countries through the Latin American Pertussis Project PDF Version [PDF - 1.20 MB - 7 pages]
    V. A. Pinell-McNamara et al.
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    The Latin American Pertussis Project (LAPP), established in 2009, is a collaboration between the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Pan American Health Organization, Sabin Vaccine Institute, and the ministries of health of 6 countries in Latin America. The project goal is to expand understanding of pertussis epidemiology in Latin America to inform strategies for control and prevention. Here we describe LAPP structure and activities. After an initial surveillance evaluation, LAPP activities are tailored to individual country needs. LAPP activities align with Global Health Security Agenda priorities and have focused on expanding laboratory diagnostic capacity, implementing a laboratory quality control and quality assurance program, and providing epidemiologic support to strengthen reporting of pertussis surveillance data. Lessons learned include that ongoing mentoring is key to the successful adoption of new technologies and that sustainability of laboratory diagnostics requires a regional commitment to procure reagents and related supplies.

        Cite This Article
    EID Pinell-McNamara VA, Acosta AM, Pedreira M, Carvalho AF, Pawloski L, Tondella M, et al. Expanding Pertussis Epidemiology in 6 Latin America Countries through the Latin American Pertussis Project. Emerg Infect Dis. 2017;23(13). https://dx.doi.org/10.3201/eid2313.170457
    AMA Pinell-McNamara VA, Acosta AM, Pedreira M, et al. Expanding Pertussis Epidemiology in 6 Latin America Countries through the Latin American Pertussis Project. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2017;23(13). doi:10.3201/eid2313.170457.
    APA Pinell-McNamara, V. A., Acosta, A. M., Pedreira, M., Carvalho, A. F., Pawloski, L., Tondella, M....Briere, E. (2017). Expanding Pertussis Epidemiology in 6 Latin America Countries through the Latin American Pertussis Project. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 23(13). https://dx.doi.org/10.3201/eid2313.170457.
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  • CDC Activities for Improving Implementation of Human Papillomavirus Vaccination, Cervical Cancer Screening, and Surveillance Worldwide PDF Version [PDF - 943 KB - 7 pages]
    V. Senkomago et al.
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    Cervical cancer incidence and mortality rates are high, particularly in developing countries. Most cervical cancers can be prevented by human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccination, screening, and timely treatment. The US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) provides global technical assistance for implementation and evaluation of HPV vaccination pilot projects and programs and laboratory-related HPV activities to assess HPV vaccines. CDC collaborates with global partners to develop global cervical cancer screening recommendations and manuals, implement screening, create standardized evaluation tools, and provide expertise to monitor outcomes. CDC also trains epidemiologists in cancer prevention through its Field Epidemiology Training Program and is working to improve cancer surveillance by supporting efforts of the World Health Organization in developing cancer registry hubs and assisting countries in estimating costs for developing population-based cancer registries. These activities contribute to the Global Health Security Agenda action packages to improve immunization, surveillance, and the public health workforce globally.

        Cite This Article
    EID Senkomago V, Duran D, Loharikar A, Hyde TB, Markowitz LE, Unger ER, et al. CDC Activities for Improving Implementation of Human Papillomavirus Vaccination, Cervical Cancer Screening, and Surveillance Worldwide. Emerg Infect Dis. 2017;23(13). https://dx.doi.org/10.3201/eid2313.170603
    AMA Senkomago V, Duran D, Loharikar A, et al. CDC Activities for Improving Implementation of Human Papillomavirus Vaccination, Cervical Cancer Screening, and Surveillance Worldwide. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2017;23(13). doi:10.3201/eid2313.170603.
    APA Senkomago, V., Duran, D., Loharikar, A., Hyde, T. B., Markowitz, L. E., Unger, E. R....Saraiya, M. (2017). CDC Activities for Improving Implementation of Human Papillomavirus Vaccination, Cervical Cancer Screening, and Surveillance Worldwide. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 23(13). https://dx.doi.org/10.3201/eid2313.170603.
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  • US Federal Travel Restrictions for Persons with Higher-Risk Exposures to Communicable Diseases of Public Health Concern PDF Version [PDF - 828 KB - 6 pages]
    L. A. Vonnahme et al.
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    Published guidance recommends controlled movement for persons with higher-risk exposures (HREs) to communicable diseases of public health concern; US federal public health travel restrictions (PHTRs) might be implemented to enforce these measures. We describe persons eligible for and placed on PHTRs because of HREs during 2014–2016. There were 160 persons placed on PHTRs: 142 (89%) involved exposure to Ebola virus, 16 (10%) to Lassa fever virus, and 2 (1%) to Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus. Most (90%) HREs were related to an epidemic. No persons attempted to travel; all persons had PHTRs lifted after completion of a maximum disease-specific incubation period or a revised exposure risk classification. PHTR enforced controlled movement and removed risk for disease transmission among travelers who had contacts who refused to comply with public health recommendations. PHTRs are mechanisms to mitigate spread of communicable diseases and might be critical in enhancing health security during epidemics.

        Cite This Article
    EID Vonnahme LA, Jungerman M, Gulati RK, Illig P, Alvarado-Ramy F. US Federal Travel Restrictions for Persons with Higher-Risk Exposures to Communicable Diseases of Public Health Concern. Emerg Infect Dis. 2017;23(13). https://dx.doi.org/10.3201/eid2313.170386
    AMA Vonnahme LA, Jungerman M, Gulati RK, et al. US Federal Travel Restrictions for Persons with Higher-Risk Exposures to Communicable Diseases of Public Health Concern. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2017;23(13). doi:10.3201/eid2313.170386.
    APA Vonnahme, L. A., Jungerman, M., Gulati, R. K., Illig, P., & Alvarado-Ramy, F. (2017). US Federal Travel Restrictions for Persons with Higher-Risk Exposures to Communicable Diseases of Public Health Concern. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 23(13). https://dx.doi.org/10.3201/eid2313.170386.
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  • Responding to Communicable Diseases in Internationally Mobile Populations at Points of Entry and along Porous Borders, Nigeria, Benin, and Togo PDF Version [PDF - 839 KB - 7 pages]
    R. D. Merrill et al.
        View Abstract

    Recent multinational disease outbreaks demonstrate the risk of disease spreading globally before public health systems can respond to an event. To ensure global health security, countries need robust multisectoral systems to rapidly detect and respond to domestic or imported communicable diseases. The US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention International Border Team works with the governments of Nigeria, Togo, and Benin, along with Pro-Health International and the Abidjan-Lagos Corridor Organization, to build sustainable International Health Regulations capacities at points of entry (POEs) and along border regions. Together, we strengthen comprehensive national and regional border health systems by developing public health emergency response plans for POEs, conducting qualitative assessments of public health preparedness and response capacities at ground crossings, integrating internationally mobile populations into national health surveillance systems, and formalizing cross-border public health coordination. Achieving comprehensive national and regional border health capacity, which advances overall global health security, necessitates multisectoral dedication to the aforementioned components.

        Cite This Article
    EID Merrill RD, Rogers K, Ward S, Ojo O, Kakaī C, Agbeko T, et al. Responding to Communicable Diseases in Internationally Mobile Populations at Points of Entry and along Porous Borders, Nigeria, Benin, and Togo. Emerg Infect Dis. 2017;23(13). https://dx.doi.org/10.3201/eid2313.170520
    AMA Merrill RD, Rogers K, Ward S, et al. Responding to Communicable Diseases in Internationally Mobile Populations at Points of Entry and along Porous Borders, Nigeria, Benin, and Togo. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2017;23(13). doi:10.3201/eid2313.170520.
    APA Merrill, R. D., Rogers, K., Ward, S., Ojo, O., Kakaī, C., Agbeko, T....Brown, C. (2017). Responding to Communicable Diseases in Internationally Mobile Populations at Points of Entry and along Porous Borders, Nigeria, Benin, and Togo. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 23(13). https://dx.doi.org/10.3201/eid2313.170520.
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Detect

  • Assessment of National Public Health and Reference Laboratory, Accra, Ghana, within Framework of Global Health Security PDF Version [PDF - 1.40 MB - 5 pages]
    A. Ogee-Nwankwo et al.
        View Abstract

    The Second Year of Life project of the Global Health Security Agenda aims to improve immunization systems and strengthen measles and rubella surveillance, including building laboratory capacity. A new laboratory assessment tool was developed by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention to assess the national laboratory in Ghana to improve molecular surveillance for measles and rubella. Results for the tool showed that the laboratory is well organized, has a good capacity for handling specimens, has a good biosafety system, and is proficient for diagnosis of measles and rubella by serologic analysis. However, there was little knowledge about molecular biology and virology activities (i.e., virus isolation on tissue culture was not available). Recommendations included training of technical personnel for molecular techniques and advocacy for funding for laboratory equipment, reagents, and supplies.

        Cite This Article
    EID Ogee-Nwankwo A, Opare D, Boateng G, Nyaku M, Haynes LM, Balajee S, et al. Assessment of National Public Health and Reference Laboratory, Accra, Ghana, within Framework of Global Health Security. Emerg Infect Dis. 2017;23(13). https://dx.doi.org/10.3201/eid2313.170372
    AMA Ogee-Nwankwo A, Opare D, Boateng G, et al. Assessment of National Public Health and Reference Laboratory, Accra, Ghana, within Framework of Global Health Security. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2017;23(13). doi:10.3201/eid2313.170372.
    APA Ogee-Nwankwo, A., Opare, D., Boateng, G., Nyaku, M., Haynes, L. M., Balajee, S....Waku-Kouomou, D. (2017). Assessment of National Public Health and Reference Laboratory, Accra, Ghana, within Framework of Global Health Security. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 23(13). https://dx.doi.org/10.3201/eid2313.170372.
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  • Enhancing Laboratory Response Network Capacity in South Korea PDF Version [PDF - 1.07 MB - 5 pages]
    J. Parker et al.
        View Abstract

    Laboratory Response Network (LRN) laboratories help protect populations from biological and chemical public health threats. We examined the role of LRN biological laboratories in enhancing capacity to detect and respond to public health infectious disease emergencies in South Korea. The model for responding to infectious disease emergencies leverages standardized laboratory testing procedures, a repository of standardized testing reagents, laboratory testing cooperation among hospital sentinel laboratories and reference laboratories, and maintenance of a trained workforce through traditional and on-demand training. Cooperation among all network stakeholders helps ensure that laboratory response is an integrated part of the national response. The added laboratory testing capacity provided by the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention LRN assets helps protect persons who reside in South Korea, US military personnel and civilians in South Korea, and those who reside in the continental United States.

        Cite This Article
    EID Parker J, Juren A, Lowe L, Santibañez S, Rhie G, Merlin TL, et al. Enhancing Laboratory Response Network Capacity in South Korea. Emerg Infect Dis. 2017;23(13). https://dx.doi.org/10.3201/eid2313.170348
    AMA Parker J, Juren A, Lowe L, et al. Enhancing Laboratory Response Network Capacity in South Korea. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2017;23(13). doi:10.3201/eid2313.170348.
    APA Parker, J., Juren, A., Lowe, L., Santibañez, S., Rhie, G., & Merlin, T. L. (2017). Enhancing Laboratory Response Network Capacity in South Korea. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 23(13). https://dx.doi.org/10.3201/eid2313.170348.
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  • Real-Time Surveillance in Emergencies Using the Early Warning Alert and Response Network PDF Version [PDF - 2.16 MB - 7 pages]
    K. M. Cordes et al.
        View Abstract

    Humanitarian emergencies often result in population displacement and increase the risk for transmission of communicable diseases. To address the increased risk for outbreaks during humanitarian emergencies, the World Health Organization developed the Early Warning Alert and Response Network (EWARN) for early detection of epidemic-prone diseases. The US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention has worked with the World Health Organization, ministries of health, and other partners to support EWARN through the implementation and evaluation of these systems and the development of standardized guidance. Although protocols have been developed for the implementation and evaluation of EWARN, a need persists for standardized training and additional guidance on supporting these systems remotely when access to affected areas is restricted. Continued collaboration between partners and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention for surveillance during emergencies is necessary to strengthen capacity and support global health security.

        Cite This Article
    EID Cordes KM, Cookson ST, Boyd AT, Hardy C, Malik M, Mala P, et al. Real-Time Surveillance in Emergencies Using the Early Warning Alert and Response Network. Emerg Infect Dis. 2017;23(13). https://dx.doi.org/10.3201/eid2313.170446
    AMA Cordes KM, Cookson ST, Boyd AT, et al. Real-Time Surveillance in Emergencies Using the Early Warning Alert and Response Network. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2017;23(13). doi:10.3201/eid2313.170446.
    APA Cordes, K. M., Cookson, S. T., Boyd, A. T., Hardy, C., Malik, M., Mala, P....Husain, F. (2017). Real-Time Surveillance in Emergencies Using the Early Warning Alert and Response Network. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 23(13). https://dx.doi.org/10.3201/eid2313.170446.
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  • Global Disease Detection—Achievements in Applied Public Health Research, Capacity Building, and Public Health Diplomacy, 2001–2016 PDF Version [PDF - 1.28 MB - 9 pages]
    C. Y. Rao et al.
        View Abstract

    The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention has established 10 Global Disease Detection (GDD) Program regional centers around the world that serve as centers of excellence for public health research on emerging and reemerging infectious diseases. The core activities of the GDD Program focus on applied public health research, surveillance, laboratory, public health informatics, and technical capacity building. During 2015–2016, program staff conducted 205 discrete projects on a range of topics, including acute respiratory illnesses, health systems strengthening, infectious diseases at the human–animal interface, and emerging infectious diseases. Projects incorporated multiple core activities, with technical capacity building being most prevalent. Collaborating with host countries to implement such projects promotes public health diplomacy. The GDD Program continues to work with countries to strengthen core capacities so that emerging diseases can be detected and stopped faster and closer to the source, thereby enhancing global health security.

        Cite This Article
    EID Rao CY, Goryoka GW, Henao OL, Clarke KR, Salyer SJ, Montgomery JM, et al. Global Disease Detection—Achievements in Applied Public Health Research, Capacity Building, and Public Health Diplomacy, 2001–2016. Emerg Infect Dis. 2017;23(13). https://dx.doi.org/10.3201/eid2313.170859
    AMA Rao CY, Goryoka GW, Henao OL, et al. Global Disease Detection—Achievements in Applied Public Health Research, Capacity Building, and Public Health Diplomacy, 2001–2016. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2017;23(13). doi:10.3201/eid2313.170859.
    APA Rao, C. Y., Goryoka, G. W., Henao, O. L., Clarke, K. R., Salyer, S. J., & Montgomery, J. M. (2017). Global Disease Detection—Achievements in Applied Public Health Research, Capacity Building, and Public Health Diplomacy, 2001–2016. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 23(13). https://dx.doi.org/10.3201/eid2313.170859.
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  • Enhancing Surveillance and Diagnostics in Anthrax-Endemic Countries PDF Version [PDF - 665 KB - 7 pages]
    A. R. Vieira et al.
        View Abstract

    Naturally occurring anthrax disproportionately affects the health and economic welfare of poor, rural communities in anthrax-endemic countries. However, many of these countries have limited anthrax prevention and control programs. Effective prevention of anthrax outbreaks among humans is accomplished through routine livestock vaccination programs and prompt response to animal outbreaks. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention uses a 2-phase framework when providing technical assistance to partners in anthrax-endemic countries. The first phase assesses and identifies areas for improvement in existing human and animal surveillance, laboratory diagnostics, and outbreak response. The second phase provides steps to implement improvements to these areas. We describe examples of implementing this framework in anthrax-endemic countries. These activities are at varying stages of completion; however, the public health impact of these initiatives has been encouraging. The anthrax framework can be extended to other zoonotic diseases to build on these efforts, improve human and animal health, and enhance global health security.

        Cite This Article
    EID Vieira AR, Salzer JS, Traxler RM, Hendricks KA, Kadzik ME, Marston CK, et al. Enhancing Surveillance and Diagnostics in Anthrax-Endemic Countries. Emerg Infect Dis. 2017;23(13). https://dx.doi.org/10.3201/eid2313.170431
    AMA Vieira AR, Salzer JS, Traxler RM, et al. Enhancing Surveillance and Diagnostics in Anthrax-Endemic Countries. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2017;23(13). doi:10.3201/eid2313.170431.
    APA Vieira, A. R., Salzer, J. S., Traxler, R. M., Hendricks, K. A., Kadzik, M. E., Marston, C. K....Walke, H. (2017). Enhancing Surveillance and Diagnostics in Anthrax-Endemic Countries. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 23(13). https://dx.doi.org/10.3201/eid2313.170431.
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  • Cholera Mortality during Urban Epidemic, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, August 16, 2015–January 16, 2016 PDF Version [PDF - 666 KB - 4 pages]
    L. S. McCrickard et al.
        View Abstract

    In 2015, a cholera epidemic occurred in Tanzania; most cases and deaths occurred in Dar es Salaam early in the outbreak. We evaluated cholera mortality through passive surveillance, burial permits, and interviews conducted with decedents’ caretakers. Active case finding identified 101 suspected cholera deaths. Routine surveillance had captured only 48 (48%) of all cholera deaths, and burial permit assessments captured the remainder. We interviewed caregivers of 56 decedents to assess cholera management behaviors. Of 51 decedents receiving home care, 5 (10%) used oral rehydration solution after becoming ill. Caregivers reported that 51 (93%) of 55 decedents with known time of death sought care before death; 16 (29%) of 55 delayed seeking care for >6 h. Of the 33 (59%) community decedents, 20 (61%) were said to have been discharged from a health facility before death. Appropriate and early management of cholera cases can reduce the number of cholera deaths.

        Cite This Article
    EID McCrickard LS, Massay A, Narra R, Mghamba J, Mohamed A, Kishimba R, et al. Cholera Mortality during Urban Epidemic, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, August 16, 2015–January 16, 2016. Emerg Infect Dis. 2017;23(13). https://dx.doi.org/10.3201/eid2313.170529
    AMA McCrickard LS, Massay A, Narra R, et al. Cholera Mortality during Urban Epidemic, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, August 16, 2015–January 16, 2016. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2017;23(13). doi:10.3201/eid2313.170529.
    APA McCrickard, L. S., Massay, A., Narra, R., Mghamba, J., Mohamed, A., Kishimba, R....Quick, R. E. (2017). Cholera Mortality during Urban Epidemic, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, August 16, 2015–January 16, 2016. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 23(13). https://dx.doi.org/10.3201/eid2313.170529.
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  • Building Global Epidemiology and Response Capacity with Field Epidemiology Training Programs PDF Version [PDF - 1.45 MB - 8 pages]
    D. S. Jones et al.
        View Abstract

    More than ever, competent field epidemiologists are needed worldwide. As known, new, and resurgent communicable diseases increase their global impact, the International Health Regulations and the Global Health Security Agenda call for sufficient field epidemiologic capacity in every country to rapidly detect, respond to, and contain public health emergencies, thereby ensuring global health security. To build this capacity, for >35 years the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention has worked with countries around the globe to develop Field Epidemiology Training Programs (FETPs). FETP trainees conduct surveillance activities and outbreak investigations in service to ministry of health programs to prevent and control infectious diseases of global health importance such as polio, cholera, tuberculosis, HIV/AIDS, malaria, and emerging zoonotic infectious diseases. FETP graduates often rise to positions of leadership to direct such programs. By training competent epidemiologists to manage public health events locally and support public health systems nationally, health security is enhanced globally.

        Cite This Article
    EID Jones DS, Dicker RC, Fontaine RE, Boore AL, Omolo JO, Ashgar RJ, et al. Building Global Epidemiology and Response Capacity with Field Epidemiology Training Programs. Emerg Infect Dis. 2017;23(13). https://dx.doi.org/10.3201/eid2313.170509
    AMA Jones DS, Dicker RC, Fontaine RE, et al. Building Global Epidemiology and Response Capacity with Field Epidemiology Training Programs. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2017;23(13). doi:10.3201/eid2313.170509.
    APA Jones, D. S., Dicker, R. C., Fontaine, R. E., Boore, A. L., Omolo, J. O., Ashgar, R. J....Baggett, H. C. (2017). Building Global Epidemiology and Response Capacity with Field Epidemiology Training Programs. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 23(13). https://dx.doi.org/10.3201/eid2313.170509.
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  • Frontline Field Epidemiology Training Programs as a Strategy to Improve Disease Surveillance and Response PDF Version [PDF - 1.22 MB - 8 pages]
    A. André et al.
        View Abstract

    Since 1980, Field Epidemiology Training Programs (FETPs) have trained highly qualified field epidemiologists to work for ministries of health (MOH) around the world. However, the 2013–2015 Ebola epidemic in West Africa, which primarily affected Guinea, Liberia, and Sierra Leone, demonstrated a lack of field epidemiologists at the local levels. Trained epidemiologists at these levels could have detected the Ebola outbreak earlier. In 2015, the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) launched FETP-Frontline, a 3-month field training program targeting local MOH staff in 24 countries to augment local public health capacity. As of December 2016, FETP-Frontline has trained 1,354 graduates in 24 countries. FETP-Frontline enhances global health security by training local public health staff to improve surveillance quality in their jurisdictions, which can be a valuable strategy to strengthen the capacity of countries to more rapidly detect, respond to, and contain public health emergencies at the source.

        Cite This Article
    EID André A, Lopez A, Perkins S, Lambert S, Chace L, Noudeke N, et al. Frontline Field Epidemiology Training Programs as a Strategy to Improve Disease Surveillance and Response. Emerg Infect Dis. 2017;23(13). https://dx.doi.org/10.3201/eid2313.170803
    AMA André A, Lopez A, Perkins S, et al. Frontline Field Epidemiology Training Programs as a Strategy to Improve Disease Surveillance and Response. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2017;23(13). doi:10.3201/eid2313.170803.
    APA André, A., Lopez, A., Perkins, S., Lambert, S., Chace, L., Noudeke, N....Pedalino, B. (2017). Frontline Field Epidemiology Training Programs as a Strategy to Improve Disease Surveillance and Response. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 23(13). https://dx.doi.org/10.3201/eid2313.170803.
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  • Surveillance Training for Ebola Preparedness in Côte d’Ivoire, Guinea-Bissau, Senegal, and Mali PDF Version [PDF - 2.14 MB - 9 pages]
    V. M. Cáceres et al.
        View Abstract

    The 2014–2015 epidemic of Ebola virus disease in West Africa primarily affected Guinea, Liberia, and Sierra Leone. Several countries, including Mali, Nigeria, and Senegal, experienced Ebola importations. Realizing the importance of a trained field epidemiology workforce in neighboring countries to respond to Ebola importations, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Field Epidemiology Training Program unit implemented the Surveillance Training for Ebola Preparedness (STEP) initiative. STEP was a mentored, competency-based initiative to rapidly build up surveillance capacity along the borders of the at-risk neighboring countries Côte d’Ivoire, Mali, Senegal, and Guinea-Bissau. The target audience was district surveillance officers. STEP was delivered to 185 participants from 72 health units (districts or regions). Timeliness of reporting and the quality of surveillance analyses improved 3 months after training. STEP demonstrated that mentored, competency-based training, where learners attain competencies while delivering essential public health services, can be successfully implemented in an emergency response setting.

        Cite This Article
    EID Cáceres VM, Sidibe S, Andre M, Traicoff D, Lambert S, King M, et al. Surveillance Training for Ebola Preparedness in Côte d’Ivoire, Guinea-Bissau, Senegal, and Mali. Emerg Infect Dis. 2017;23(13). https://dx.doi.org/10.3201/eid2313.170299
    AMA Cáceres VM, Sidibe S, Andre M, et al. Surveillance Training for Ebola Preparedness in Côte d’Ivoire, Guinea-Bissau, Senegal, and Mali. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2017;23(13). doi:10.3201/eid2313.170299.
    APA Cáceres, V. M., Sidibe, S., Andre, M., Traicoff, D., Lambert, S., King, M....Quick, L. (2017). Surveillance Training for Ebola Preparedness in Côte d’Ivoire, Guinea-Bissau, Senegal, and Mali. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 23(13). https://dx.doi.org/10.3201/eid2313.170299.
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Respond

  • CDC Support for Global Public Health Emergency Management PDF Version [PDF - 2.17 MB - 7 pages]
    D. J. Brencic et al.
        View Abstract

    Recent pandemics and rapidly spreading outbreaks of infectious diseases have illustrated the interconnectedness of the world and the importance of improving the international community’s ability to effectively respond. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), building on a strong foundation of lessons learned through previous emergencies, international recognition, and human and technical expertise, has aspired to support nations around the world to strengthen their public health emergency management (PHEM) capacity. PHEM principles streamline coordination and collaboration in responding to infectious disease outbreaks, which align with the core capacities outlined in the International Health Regulations 2005. CDC supports PHEM by providing in-country technical assistance, aiding the development of plans and procedures, and providing fellowship opportunities for public health emergency managers. To this end, CDC partners with US agencies, international partners, and multilateral organizations to support nations around the world to reduce illness and death from outbreaks of infectious diseases.

        Cite This Article
    EID Brencic DJ, Pinto M, Gill A, Kinzer MH, Hernandez L, Pasi OG, et al. CDC Support for Global Public Health Emergency Management. Emerg Infect Dis. 2017;23(13). https://dx.doi.org/10.3201/eid2313.170542
    AMA Brencic DJ, Pinto M, Gill A, et al. CDC Support for Global Public Health Emergency Management. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2017;23(13). doi:10.3201/eid2313.170542.
    APA Brencic, D. J., Pinto, M., Gill, A., Kinzer, M. H., Hernandez, L., & Pasi, O. G. (2017). CDC Support for Global Public Health Emergency Management. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 23(13). https://dx.doi.org/10.3201/eid2313.170542.
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  • Sustainable Model for Public Health Emergency Operations Centers for Global Settings PDF Version [PDF - 327 KB - 6 pages]
    S. Balajee et al.
        View Abstract

    Capacity to receive, verify, analyze, assess, and investigate public health events is essential for epidemic intelligence. Public health Emergency Operations Centers (PHEOCs) can be epidemic intelligence hubs by 1) having the capacity to receive, analyze, and visualize multiple data streams, including surveillance and 2) maintaining a trained workforce that can analyze and interpret data from real-time emerging events. Such PHEOCs could be physically located within a ministry of health epidemiology, surveillance, or equivalent department rather than exist as a stand-alone space and serve as operational hubs during nonoutbreak times but in emergencies can scale up according to the traditional Incident Command System structure.

        Cite This Article
    EID Balajee S, Pasi OG, Etoundi AM, Rzeszotarski P, Do TT, Hennessee I, et al. Sustainable Model for Public Health Emergency Operations Centers for Global Settings. Emerg Infect Dis. 2017;23(13). https://dx.doi.org/10.3201/eid2313.170435
    AMA Balajee S, Pasi OG, Etoundi AM, et al. Sustainable Model for Public Health Emergency Operations Centers for Global Settings. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2017;23(13). doi:10.3201/eid2313.170435.
    APA Balajee, S., Pasi, O. G., Etoundi, A. M., Rzeszotarski, P., Do, T. T., Hennessee, I....Mounts, A. W. (2017). Sustainable Model for Public Health Emergency Operations Centers for Global Settings. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 23(13). https://dx.doi.org/10.3201/eid2313.170435.
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  • Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Public Health Response to Humanitarian Emergencies, 2007–2016 PDF Version [PDF - 947 KB - 7 pages]
    A. T. Boyd et al.
        View Abstract

    Humanitarian emergencies, including complex emergencies associated with fragile states or areas of conflict, affect millions of persons worldwide. Such emergencies threaten global health security and have complicated but predictable effects on public health. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) Emergency Response and Recovery Branch (ERRB) (Division of Global Health Protection, Center for Global Health) contributes to public health emergency responses by providing epidemiologic support for humanitarian health interventions. To capture the extent of this emergency response work for the past decade, we conducted a retrospective review of ERRB’s responses during 2007–2016. Responses were conducted across the world and in collaboration with national and international partners. Lessons from this work include the need to develop epidemiologic tools for use in resource-limited contexts, build local capacity for response and health systems recovery, and adapt responses to changing public health threats in fragile states. Through ERRB’s multisector expertise and ability to respond quickly, CDC guides humanitarian response to protect emergency-affected populations.

        Cite This Article
    EID Boyd AT, Cookson ST, Anderson M, Bilukha OO, Brennan M, Handzel T, et al. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Public Health Response to Humanitarian Emergencies, 2007–2016. Emerg Infect Dis. 2017;23(13). https://dx.doi.org/10.3201/eid2313.170473
    AMA Boyd AT, Cookson ST, Anderson M, et al. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Public Health Response to Humanitarian Emergencies, 2007–2016. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2017;23(13). doi:10.3201/eid2313.170473.
    APA Boyd, A. T., Cookson, S. T., Anderson, M., Bilukha, O. O., Brennan, M., Handzel, T....Gerber, M. (2017). Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Public Health Response to Humanitarian Emergencies, 2007–2016. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 23(13). https://dx.doi.org/10.3201/eid2313.170473.
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  • Establishment of CDC Global Rapid Response Team to Ensure Global Health Security PDF Version [PDF - 649 KB - 7 pages]
    T. Stehling-Ariza et al.
        View Abstract

    The 2014–2016 Ebola virus disease epidemic in West Africa highlighted challenges faced by the global response to a large public health emergency. Consequently, the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention established the Global Rapid Response Team (GRRT) to strengthen emergency response capacity to global health threats, thereby ensuring global health security. Dedicated GRRT staff can be rapidly mobilized for extended missions, improving partner coordination and the continuity of response operations. A large, agencywide roster of surge staff enables rapid mobilization of qualified responders with wide-ranging experience and expertise. Team members are offered emergency response training, technical training, foreign language training, and responder readiness support. Recent response missions illustrate the breadth of support the team provides. GRRT serves as a model for other countries and is committed to strengthening emergency response capacity to respond to outbreaks and emergencies worldwide, thereby enhancing global health security.

        Cite This Article
    EID Stehling-Ariza T, Lefevre A, Calles D, Djawe K, Garfield R, Gerber M, et al. Establishment of CDC Global Rapid Response Team to Ensure Global Health Security. Emerg Infect Dis. 2017;23(13). https://dx.doi.org/10.3201/eid2313.170711
    AMA Stehling-Ariza T, Lefevre A, Calles D, et al. Establishment of CDC Global Rapid Response Team to Ensure Global Health Security. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2017;23(13). doi:10.3201/eid2313.170711.
    APA Stehling-Ariza, T., Lefevre, A., Calles, D., Djawe, K., Garfield, R., Gerber, M....Shahpar, C. (2017). Establishment of CDC Global Rapid Response Team to Ensure Global Health Security. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 23(13). https://dx.doi.org/10.3201/eid2313.170711.
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  • Lessons Learned from Emergency Response Vaccination Efforts for Cholera, Typhoid, Yellow Fever, and Ebola PDF Version [PDF - 815 KB - 7 pages]
    J. A. Walldorf et al.
        View Abstract

    Countries must be prepared to respond to public health threats associated with emergencies, such as natural disasters, sociopolitical conflicts, or uncontrolled disease outbreaks. Rapid vaccination of populations vulnerable to epidemic-prone vaccine-preventable diseases is a major component of emergency response. Emergency vaccination planning presents challenges, including how to predict resource needs, expand vaccine availability during global shortages, and address regulatory barriers to deliver new products. The US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention supports countries to plan, implement, and evaluate emergency vaccination response. We describe work of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention in collaboration with global partners to support emergency vaccination against cholera, typhoid, yellow fever, and Ebola, diseases for which a new vaccine or vaccine formulation has played a major role in response. Lessons learned will help countries prepare for future emergencies. Integration of vaccination with emergency response augments global health security through reducing disease burden, saving lives, and preventing spread across international borders.

        Cite This Article
    EID Walldorf JA, Date KA, Sreenivasan N, Harris JB, Hyde TB. Lessons Learned from Emergency Response Vaccination Efforts for Cholera, Typhoid, Yellow Fever, and Ebola. Emerg Infect Dis. 2017;23(13). https://dx.doi.org/10.3201/eid2313.170550
    AMA Walldorf JA, Date KA, Sreenivasan N, et al. Lessons Learned from Emergency Response Vaccination Efforts for Cholera, Typhoid, Yellow Fever, and Ebola. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2017;23(13). doi:10.3201/eid2313.170550.
    APA Walldorf, J. A., Date, K. A., Sreenivasan, N., Harris, J. B., & Hyde, T. B. (2017). Lessons Learned from Emergency Response Vaccination Efforts for Cholera, Typhoid, Yellow Fever, and Ebola. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 23(13). https://dx.doi.org/10.3201/eid2313.170550.
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  • CDC Safety Training Course for Ebola Virus Disease Healthcare Workers PDF Version [PDF - 1.53 MB - 8 pages]
    R. Narra et al.
        View Abstract

    Response to sudden epidemic infectious disease emergencies can demand intensive and specialized training, as demonstrated in 2014 when Ebola virus disease (EVD) rapidly spread throughout West Africa. The medical community quickly became overwhelmed because of limited staff, supplies, and Ebola treatment units (ETUs). Because a mechanism to rapidly increase trained healthcare workers was needed, the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention developed and implemented an introductory EVD safety training course to prepare US healthcare workers to work in West Africa ETUs. The goal was to teach principles and practices of safely providing patient care and was delivered through lectures, small-group breakout sessions, and practical exercises. During September 2014–March 2015, a total of 570 participants were trained during 16 course sessions. This course quickly increased the number of clinicians who could provide care in West Africa ETUs, showing the feasibility of rapidly developing and implementing training in response to a public health emergency.

        Cite This Article
    EID Narra R, Sobel J, Piper C, Gould D, Bhadelia N, Dott M, et al. CDC Safety Training Course for Ebola Virus Disease Healthcare Workers. Emerg Infect Dis. 2017;23(13). https://dx.doi.org/10.3201/eid2313.170549
    AMA Narra R, Sobel J, Piper C, et al. CDC Safety Training Course for Ebola Virus Disease Healthcare Workers. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2017;23(13). doi:10.3201/eid2313.170549.
    APA Narra, R., Sobel, J., Piper, C., Gould, D., Bhadelia, N., Dott, M....Jhung, M. (2017). CDC Safety Training Course for Ebola Virus Disease Healthcare Workers. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 23(13). https://dx.doi.org/10.3201/eid2313.170549.
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Commentaries

  • Global Health Security—An Unfinished Journey PDF Version [PDF - 1.38 MB - 3 pages]
    M. T. Osterholm
        View Abstract

    This supplement is a timely, comprehensive compendium of the critical work being done by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and various partners to enhance and expand the Global Health Security Agenda. This perspective provides a review of, and comments regarding, our past, current, and future challenges in supporting the Global Health Security Agenda.

        Cite This Article
    EID Osterholm MT. Global Health Security—An Unfinished Journey. Emerg Infect Dis. 2017;23(13). https://dx.doi.org/10.3201/eid2313.171528
    AMA Osterholm MT. Global Health Security—An Unfinished Journey. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2017;23(13). doi:10.3201/eid2313.171528.
    APA Osterholm, M. T. (2017). Global Health Security—An Unfinished Journey. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 23(13). https://dx.doi.org/10.3201/eid2313.171528.
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Page created: November 20, 2017
Page updated: January 01, 1900
Page reviewed: January 01, 1900
The conclusions, findings, and opinions expressed by authors contributing to this journal do not necessarily reflect the official position of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, the Public Health Service, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, or the authors' affiliated institutions. Use of trade names is for identification only and does not imply endorsement by any of the groups named above.
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