Skip directly to site content Skip directly to page options Skip directly to A-Z link Skip directly to A-Z link Skip directly to A-Z link
Volume 10, Number 4—April 2004
Synopsis

Pediatric Influenza Prevention and Control

Nicola Principi*Comments to Author  and Susanna Esposito*
Author affiliations: *Institute of Pediatrics, University of Milan, Milan, Italy

Main Article

Table 1

Effectiveness of influenza vaccine as indicated by the occurrence of febrile respiratory illness and acute otitis media (AOM), and the use of antibiotics in children during the 6 months after vaccine administrationa

Variable Vaccine recipients, n = 67 (%) Control participants n = 66, (%) Vaccine efficacy, % p value
Febrile respiratory illness
 55 (82.1)
 63 (95.5)
 13.2
 0.03
>1 course of antibiotics
 26 (38.8)
 42 (63.6)
 38.9
 0.007
>1 AOM episode
 24 (35.8)
 42 (63.6)
 43.7
 0.002
>2 AOM episodes 6 (9.0) 16 (24.2) 63.1 0.03

aModified from P. Marchisio et al. (13).

Main Article

References
  1. Prevention and control of influenza: recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP). [Erratum in: MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2003;52:526]. MMWR Recomm Rep. 2003;52(RR-8):1–34.
  2. Glezen  WP. Influenza vaccination for healthy children. Curr Opin Infect Dis. 2002;15:283–7.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  3. Rennels  MB, Meissner  C; Committee on Infectious Diseases, American Academy of Pediatrics. Technical report. Reduction of the influenza burden in children. Pediatrics. 2002;110:e80. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  4. Baltimore  RS, Jenson  HB. New recommendations for influenza vaccination for children and pregnant women. Curr Opin Pediatr. 2003;15:74–6. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  5. Neuzil  KM, Mellen  BG, Wright  PF, Mitchel  EF, Griffin  MR. The effect of influenza on hospitalizations, outpatient visits, and courses of antibiotics in children. N Engl J Med. 2000;342:225–31. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  6. Izurieta  HS, Thompson  WW, Kramarz  P, Shay  DK, Davis  RL, DeStefano  F, Influenza and the rates of hospitalization for respiratory disease among infants and young children. N Engl J Med. 2000;342:232–9. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  7. Chiu  SS, Lau  YL, Chan  KH, Wong  WHS, Peiris  JSM. Influenza-related hospitalizations among children in Hong Kong. N Engl J Med. 2002;347:2097–103. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  8. Porter  CC, Poehling  KA, Hamilton  R, Frangoul  H, Cooper  WO. Influenza immunization practices among pediatric oncologists. J Pediatr Hematol Oncol. 2003;25:134–8. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  9. Poehling  KA, Speroff  T, Dittus  RS, Griffin  MR, Hickson  GB, Edwards  KM. Predictors of influenza virus vaccination status in hospitalized children. Pediatrics. 2001;108:e99. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  10. Esposito  S, Marchisio  P, Faelli  N, Gasparini  R, Droghetti  R, Gironi  S, Nonadherence with influenza vaccination in children with chronic medical conditions. In: Abstracts of the 23rd International Congress of Chemotherapy; Durban, South Africa; 2003 June 7–10; Abstract MO 104. Geneva: International Society of Chemotherapy; 2003.
  11. Hurwitz  ES, Haber  M, Chang  A, Shope  T, Teo  S, Ginsberg  M, Effectiveness of influenza vaccination of day care children in reducing influenza-related morbidity among household contacts. JAMA. 2000;284:1677–82. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  12. Reichert  TA, Sugaya  N, Fedson  DS, Glezen  WP, Simonsen  L, Tashiro  M. The Japanese experience with vaccinating schoolchildren against influenza. N Engl J Med. 2001;344:889–96. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  13. Marchisio  P, Cavagna  R, Maspes  B, Gironi  S, Esposito  S, Lambertini  L, Efficacy of intranasal virosomal influenza vaccine in the prevention of recurrent acute otitis media in children. Clin Infect Dis. 2002;35:168–74. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  14. Esposito  S, Marchisio  P, Cavagna  R, Gironi  S, Bosis  S, Lambertini  L, Effectiveness of influenza vaccination of children with recurrent respiratory tract infections in reducing respiratory-related morbidity within the households. Vaccine. 2003;21:3162–8. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  15. Neuzil  KM, Wright  PF, Mitchel  EF, Griffin  MR. The burden of influenza illness in children with asthma and other chronic medical conditions. J Pediatr. 2000;137:856–64. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  16. Loughlin  J, Poulios  N, Napalkov  P, Wegmüller  Y, Monto  AS. A study of influenza and influenza-related complications among children in a large US health insurance plan database. Pharmacoeconomics. 2003;21:273–83. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  17. Kramarz  P, DeStefano  F, Gargiullo  PM, Davis  RL, Chen  RT, Mullooly  JP, Influenza vaccination in children with asthma in health maintenance organizations. Vaccine. 2000;18:2288–94. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  18. Gaglani  M, Riggs  M, Kamenicky  C, Glezen  WP. Computerized reminder strategy is effective for annual influenza immunization of children with asthma or reactive airways disease. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2001;20:1155–60. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  19. Marshall  BC, Henshow  C, Evans  DO, Bleyl  K, Alder  S, Liou  TG. Influenza vaccination coverage level at a cystic fibrosis center. Pediatrics. 2002;109:e80. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  20. Grant  VJ, Le Saux  N, Plint  AC, Correll  R, Gaboury  I, Ellis  E, Factors influencing childhood influenza immunization. CMAJ. 2003;168:39–41.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  21. Centers for Disease Control. Influenza and pneumococcal vaccination levels among persons aged >65 years in the United States, 1999. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2001;50:532–7.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  22. Nichol  KL, Nordin  J, Mullooly  J, Lask  R, Fillbrandt  K, Iwane  M. Influenza vaccination and reduction in hospitalizations for cardiac disease and stroke among the elderly. N Engl J Med. 2003;348:1322–32. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  23. Kramarz  P, DeStefano  F, Gargiullo  PM, Chen  RT, Lieu  TA, Davis  RL, Does influenza vaccination prevent asthma exacerbations in children? J Pediatr. 2001;138:306–10. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  24. American Lung Association Asthma Research Centers. The safety of inactivated influenza vaccine in adults and children with asthma. N Engl J Med. 2001;345:1529–36. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  25. Neuzil  KM, Dupont  WD, Wright  PF, Edwards  KM. Efficacy of inactivated and cold-adapted vaccines against influenza A infection, 1985 to 1990: the pediatric experience. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2001;20:733–40. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  26. Belshe  RB, Mendelman  PM, Treanor  J, King  J, Gruber  WC, Piedra  P, The efficacy of live attenuated, cold-adapted, trivalent, intranasal influenzavirus vaccine in children. N Engl J Med. 1998;338:1405–12. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  27. American Academy of Pediatrics. Influenza. In: American Academy of Pediatrics, editor. Report of the Committee on Infectious Diseases. Red Book 2000. 25th ed. Elk Grove Village (IL): American Academy of Pediatrics; 2000. p. 351–9.
  28. Zangwill  KM. Cold-adapted, live attenuated intranasal influenza virus vaccine. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2003;22:273–4. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  29. Rimmelzwaan  GF, Osterhaus  ADME. Influenza vaccines: new developments. Curr Opin Pharmacol. 2001;1:491–6. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  30. Berman  S. Otitis media in children. N Engl J Med. 1995;332:1560–5. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  31. Heikkinen  T, Ruuskanen  O, Waris  M, Ziegler  T, Arola  M, Halonen  P. Influenza vaccination in the prevention of acute otitis media in children. Am J Dis Child. 1991;145:445–8.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  32. Nokso-Koivisto  J, Pitkäranta  A, Blomqvist  S, Jokinen  J, Kleemola  M, Takala  A, Viral etiology of frequently recurring respiratory tract infections in children. Clin Infect Dis. 2002;35:540–6. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  33. Monto  AS, Kioumehr  F. The Tecumseh study of respiratory illness IX. Occurrence of influenza in the community, 1966–1971. Am J Epidemiol. 1975;102:553–63.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  34. Neuzil  KM, Hohlbein  C, Zhu  Y. Illness among schoolchildren during influenza season. Effect on school absenteeism, parental absenteeism from work, and secondary illness in families. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 2002;156:986–91.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  35. Neuzil  KM, Zhu  Y, Griffin  MR, Edwards  KM, Thompson  JM, Tollefson  SJ, Burden of interpandemic influenza in children younger than 5 years: a 25-year prospective study. J Infect Dis. 2002;185:147–52. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  36. Esposito  S, Marchisio  P, Gasparini  R, Bosis  S, Lambertini  L, Durando  P, Socioeconomic effect of influenza in pediatric age. In: Abstracts of the 3rd World Congress of Pediatric Infectious Diseases – WSPID; Santiago, Chile; 2002 November 19–23; p. 72.
  37. Fox  JP, Hall  CE, Cooney  MK, Foy  HM. Influenza virus infections in Seattle families, 1975-1979. Study design, methods and the occurrence of infections by time and age. Am J Epidemiol. 1982;116:212–27.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  38. Khan  AS, Polezhaev  F, Vasiljeva  R, Drinevsky  V, Buffington  J, Gary  H, Comparison of US inactivated split-virus and Russian live attenuated, cold-adapted trivalent influenza vaccines in Russian schoolchildren. J Infect Dis. 1996;173:453–6.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  39. Esposito  S, Marchisio  P, Gasparini  R, Bosis  S, Lambertini  L, Claut  L, Effectiveness of influenza vaccination of healthy children in reducing respiratory-related morbidity. In: Abstracts of the 3rd World Congress of Pediatric Infectious Diseases – WSPID; Santiago, Chile; 2002 November 19–23; p. 71.
  40. Nichol  KL, Lind  A, Margolis  KL, Murdoch  M, McFadden  R, Hauge  M, The effectiveness of vaccination against influenza in healthy, working adults. N Engl J Med. 1995;333:889–93. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  41. Monto  AS, Davenport  FM. Modification of an outbreak of influenza in Tecumseh, Michigan by vaccination of school children. J Infect Dis. 1970;122:16–25.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  42. White  T, Lavoie  S, Nettleman  MD. Potential cost savings attributable to influenza vaccination of school-aged children. Pediatrics. 1999;103:e73. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  43. Cohen  G, Nettleman  MD. Economic impact of influenza vaccination in preschool children. Pediatrics. 2000;106:973–6. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  44. Luce  BR, Zangwill  KM, Palmer  CS, Mendelman  PM, Yan  L, Wolff  MC, Cost-effectiveness analysis of an intranasal influenza vaccine for the prevention of influenza in healthy children. Pediatrics. 2001;108:e24. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  45. Nichol  KL. The efficacy, effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of inactivated influenza virus vaccines. Vaccine. 2003;21:1769–75. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar

Main Article

Page created: February 09, 2011
Page updated: February 09, 2011
Page reviewed: February 09, 2011
The conclusions, findings, and opinions expressed by authors contributing to this journal do not necessarily reflect the official position of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, the Public Health Service, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, or the authors' affiliated institutions. Use of trade names is for identification only and does not imply endorsement by any of the groups named above.
file_external