Lobomycosis is a chronic granulomatous infection of the skin and subcutaneous tissues caused by the fungus L. loboi (1,2). It is characterized by the appearance of slowly developing (months, years, or decades), keloid-like, ulcerated, or verrucous nodular or plaque-like cutaneous lesions (1,2), usually at a site of local trauma such as from a cut, insect bite, animal bite, or ray sting (1–3). Lesions may be single or multiple and tend to occur on exposed, cooler areas of the body, particularly the extremities and ears (1,2,4). Other sites such as the forehead, face, chest, scapula, lumbosacral spine, buttocks, and scrotum have also been reportedly involved (2–7). Mucous membranes or internal organs are not involved (2,3). Lesions may be nonpigmented, hypopigmented, or hyperpigmented and are usually painless or only slightly pruritic (1,3,4). Little if any local host inflammatory response and no systemic symptoms exist (3,4). In some cases, lesions may spread contiguously or through lymphatic channels, causing cosmetic disfigurement (2,4,5).

On histologic examination, the lesions are composed of dermal granulomas with multinucleated giant cells filled with spherical or lemon-shaped fungal cells 6–12 μm in diameter with doubly refractile walls that are commonly arranged in chains of budding cells connected by thin, tube-like bridges (1,2,6,8). Loboa loboi has never been cultivated in vitro (1,2), although it has been successfully transmitted to armadillos, tortoises, and the footpads of hamsters and mice under experimental conditions (2,6).

Natural disease has been described only in humans and in marine and freshwater dolphins (1,2). Lobomycosis was first described by the dermatologist Jorge Lobo in 1931 (2–4,9). His patient was a 52-year-old man who worked as a rubber collector in the Amazonas state of Brazil, who had numerous slowly developing nodular keloidal lesions in the lumbosacral spine area, from which microorganisms resembling Paracoccidioides brasiliensis were observed on microscopy (2). Lobo suspected that the patient had a modified form of paracoccidioidomycosis, which he called keloidal blastomycosis (2). A second human case was reported in 1938, after which the disease was termed Lobo’s disease (2). More than 500 human cases have been reported to date (3), although the disease appears to be confined to remote tropical areas of South and Central America, especially in communities along rivers (1–3). The natural habitat of the fungus is not known but is believed to be aquatic or associated with soil and vegetation (2,3). Rubber workers, farmers, miners, fishermen, and hunters are particularly at risk due to extensive outdoor exposure (2–4). The condition has been described in Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, French Guiana, Guyana, Mexico, Panama, Peru, Suriname, and Venezuela (2–4).

The first report of nonhuman infection occurred in 1971 in an Atlantic bottle-nosed dolphin from Florida (10). In 1973, a dolphin with Lobo’s disease was described in Europe along the Atlantic coast of France and Spain (11). The dolphin’s caretaker, a resident of Holland, later acquired the disease, the first human case of lobomycosis reported outside of Latin America (11). Other cases of lobomycosis in dolphins have been confirmed, including one in a dolphin off the Texas coast (2,12).

Cases of imported human lobomycosis have been described in the United States and elsewhere (6,7,13,14). A case of lobomycosis involving the chest was recently described in an Atlanta, Georgia, man who had previously traveled to Venezuela and was exposed to extremely high water pressure while walking under Angel Falls (7), although the first published description of a human case in the United States appears to be in an immigrant from Suriname (6). Recently, cases of imported human lobomycosis were reported in France (13) and Germany (14). Other imported cases in industrialized countries are believed to occur but may be misdiagnosed due to physician unfamiliarity with the disease. As far as we are aware, our report is the first of human lobomycosis in Canada. The disease was presumably acquired in Guyana or Venezuela, because her visits to Mexico and Costa Rica were unlikely to put her at risk for infection.

Based on our patient’s history, the physical findings, and the histologic appearance of the skin lesion, the diagnosis of lobomycosis was unequivocally made. Although other fungi may resemble L. loboi microscopically, including P. brasiliensis, Blastomyces dermatitidis, and Histoplasma capsulatum var dubiosii (the cause of African histoplasmosis), none of them form the characteristic chains of fungal cells of uniform size, 6- to 12-μm in diameter, connected by thin tubelike isthmuses, the hallmark of lobomycosis (8). Furthermore, unlike L. loboi, the other fungi can be grown in vitro on routine mycologic media (2,8). In contrast to L. loboi, the mother cell of P. brasiliensis forms multiple buds and remains larger than the daughter cells, giving the characteristic “ship’s wheel” appearance (1,15,16). In addition, paracoccidioidomycosis is a disease of the oronasal mucous membranes and lungs (1,16). In contrast to B. dermatididis, the fungal cells of L. loboi do not form broad-based buds (8). Because the patient had never traveled to Africa, she was not at risk for African histoplasmosis. Other conditions that may clinically resemble lobomycosis include keloids, leprosy, leishmaniasis, chromoblastomycosis, and malignancy (2,4).

Lobomycosis does not usually affect the general health of a person. However, unless lesions are removed at an early stage, the disease persists for life (2). Rarely, squamous cell carcinoma may develop from lobomycotic lesions (2,17).

Successful treatment of lobomycosis usually consists of total surgical excision of the lesion, preferably with wide margins (1,2,9), although adjunctive medical therapy with clofazamine or other agents has sometimes been used in patients with extensive disease, with limited success (2). However, a German patient with lobomycosis had complete clinical and histopathologic resolution of disease after a 1-year treatment course of oral clofazamine and itraconazole (14). One dolphin with Lobo’s disease was successfully treated with miconzaole (2). Our patient has remained disease-free for more than 2 years after surgical excision of her lobomycotic lesion.

The nomenclature of the fungus has been subject to ongoing debate, although a new genus, Lacazia, with Lacazia loboi as the type species, was recently proposed by Toborda et al. (16) and appears to be taxonomically valid. The definitive taxonomic status of this fungus awaits in vitro culture and subsequent molecular studies, although phylogenetic analysis of 18S small-subunit rDNA molecules indicates that L. loboi is a distinct and novel species phylogenetically close to but fundamentally different from P. brasiliensis (15).

In summary, lobomycosis is a slowly progressive, chronic, fungal infection of the dermis that is rarely seen in industrialized countries. This disease should be suspected in patients with single or multiple keloidal skin lesions, particularly if they have traveled to remote areas of Latin America.