Skip directly to site content Skip directly to page options Skip directly to A-Z link Skip directly to A-Z link Skip directly to A-Z link
Volume 11, Number 9—September 2005
Dispatch

Divergent HIV and Simian Immunodeficiency Virus Surveillance, Zaire

Amanda Schaefer*, Kenneth E. Robbins*, Eugene Nzila Nzilambi†, Michael E. St. Louis*, Thomas C. Quinn‡, Thomas M. Folks*, Marcia L. Kalish*, and Danuta Pieniazek*Comments to Author 
Author affiliations: *Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA; †Project SIDA, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo; ‡National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA

Main Article

Figure

A) Distribution of HIV-1 Western blot–indeterminate patterns among 69 serum specimens from Kinshasa, Zaire, reactive by enzyme immunoassay. B) Phylogenetic classification of HIV-1 protease sequence ZA30972 (GenBank accession no. AY562558) isolated from the p17 gag-reactive serum. The phylogenetic tree was generated by the neighbor-joining method with the nucleotide distance calculated by Kimura 2-parameter method (12), included in the GeneStudio package (http://www.genestudio.com). Reference seq

Figure. . A) Distribution of HIV-1 Western blot–indeterminate patterns among 69 serum specimens from Kinshasa, Zaire, reactive by enzyme immunoassay. B) Phylogenetic classification of HIV-1 protease sequence ZA30972 (GenBank accession no. AY562558) isolated from the p17 gag-reactive serum. The phylogenetic tree was generated by the neighbor-joining method with the nucleotide distance calculated by Kimura 2-parameter method (12), included in the GeneStudio package (http://www.genestudio.com). Reference sequences were obtained from the Los Alamos database (http://hiv-web.lanl.gov/MAP/hivmap.html). The position of the outgroup (Simian immunodeficiency virus [SIV]cpz) is not shown. Values on branches represent the percentage of 100 bootstrap replicates. The scale bar indicates an evolutionary distance of 0.10 nucleotides per position in the sequence.

Main Article

References
  1. Sharp  PM, Bailes  E, Chaudhuri  RR, Rodenburg  CM, Santiago  MO, Hahn  BH. The origins of acquired immune deficiency syndrome viruses: where and when? Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci. 2001;356:867–76. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  2. Apetrei  C, Metzger  MJ, Richardsin  D, Ling  B, Telfer  PT, Reed  P, Detection and partial characterization simian immunodeficiency virus SIVmn strains from bush meat samples from rural Sierra Leone. J Virol. 2005;79:2631–6. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  3. Peeters  M, Courgnaud  V, Abela  B, Auzel  P, Pourrut  X, Bibollet-Ruche  F, Risk to human health from a plethora of simian immunodeficiency viruses in primate bushmeat. Emerg Infect Dis. 2002;8:451–7.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  4. Wilkie  DS, Godoy  RA. Economics of bushmeat. Science. 2000;287:975–6. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  5. Souquiere  S, Bibollet-Ruche  F, Robertson  DL, Makuwa  M, Apetrei  C, Onanga  R, Wild Mandrillus sphinx are carriers of two types of lentivirus. J Virol. 2001;75:7086–96. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  6. Kalish  ML, Ndongmo  CB, Wolfe  ND, Fonjungo  P, Alemnji  G, Zeh  C, Evidence for continued exposure to and possible infection of humans with SIV. In: Tenth international workshop on HIV dynamics and evolution; 2003 Apr 13–16; Lake Arrowhead, California; 2003.
  7. Kleinman  S, Fitzpatrick  L, Secord  K, Wilke  D. Follow-up testing and notification of anti-HIV Western blot atypical (indeterminant) donors. Transfusion. 1988;28:280–2. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  8. Povolotsky  J, Gold  JW, Chein  N, Baron  P, Armstrong  D. Differences in human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) anti-p24 reactivities in serum of HIV-1–infected and uninfected subjects: analysis of indeterminate Western blot reactions. J Infect Dis. 1991;163:247–51. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  9. Delaporte  E, Peeters  M, Simon  F, Dupont  A, Schrijvers  D, Kerouedan  D, Interpretation of antibodies reacting solely with human retroviral core proteins in western equatorial Africa. AIDS. 1989;3:179–82. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  10. Huet  T, Dazza  MC, Brun-Vezinet  F, Roelants  GE, Wain-Hobson  S. A highly defective HIV-1 strain isolated from a healthy Gabonese individual presenting an atypical Western blot. AIDS. 1989;3:707–15. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  11. Kalish  ML, Robbins  KE, Pieniazek  D, Schaefer  A, Nzilambi  N, Quinn  TC, Recombinant viruses and early global HIV-1 epidemic. Emerg Infect Dis. 2004;10:1227–34.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  12. Felsenstein  J. PHYLIP-phylogeny interference package (version 3.2). Cladistics. 1989;5:164–6.
  13. Yang  C, Dash  BC, Simon  F, van der Groen  G, Pieniazek  D, Gao  F, Detection of diverse variants of human immunodeficiency virus–1 groups M, N, and O and simian immunodeficiency viruses from chimpanzees by using generic pol and env primer pairs. J Infect Dis. 2000;181:1791–5. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  14. Pieniazek  D, Ellenberger  D, Janini  LM, Ramos  AC, Nkengasong  J, Sassan-Morokro  M, Predominance of human immunodeficiency virus type 2 subtype B in Abidjan, Ivory Coast. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses. 1999;15:603–8. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  15. Masciotra  S, Yang  C, Pieniazek  D, Thomas  C, Owen  SM, McClure  HM, Detection of simian immunodeficiency virus in diverse species and of human immunodeficiency virus type 2 by using consensus primers within the pol region. J Clin Microbiol. 2002;40:3167–71. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  16. Alizon  M, Montagnier  L. Genetic variability in human immunodeficiency viruses. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 1987;511:376–84. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar

Main Article

Page created: April 23, 2012
Page updated: April 23, 2012
Page reviewed: April 23, 2012
The conclusions, findings, and opinions expressed by authors contributing to this journal do not necessarily reflect the official position of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, the Public Health Service, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, or the authors' affiliated institutions. Use of trade names is for identification only and does not imply endorsement by any of the groups named above.
file_external