Skip directly to site content Skip directly to page options Skip directly to A-Z link Skip directly to A-Z link Skip directly to A-Z link
Volume 12, Number 1—January 2006
Research

Estimating Influenza Hospitalizations among Children

Carlos G. Grijalva*, Allen S. Craig*†, William D. Dupont*, Carolyn B. Bridges‡, Stephanie J. Schrag‡, Marika K. Iwane‡, William Schaffner*, Kathryn M. Edwards*, and Marie R. Griffin*Comments to Author 
Author affiliations: *Vanderbilt University School of Medicine; Nashville, Tennessee, USA; †Tennessee Department of Health, Nashville, Tennessee, USA; ‡Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA

Main Article

Figure 1

Capture-recapture estimation using data from 2 independent sources. The first surveillance system (New Vaccine Surveillance Network [NVSN]) captured n1 cases. The second system (Emerging Infections Program [EIP]) captured n2 cases, including m2 cases already captured by NVSN (matched cases). The Peterson estimator of N (total cases) is [[INLINEGRAPHIC('05-0308-M1')]]= n1 × n2/m2. The Peterson estimate implies that the estimated number of cases missed by both systems (z) = (b × c)/(a); where b is

Figure 1. Capture-recapture estimation using data from 2 independent sources. The first surveillance system (New Vaccine Surveillance Network [NVSN]) captured n1 cases. The second system (Emerging Infections Program [EIP]) captured n2 cases, including m2 cases already captured by NVSN (matched cases). The Peterson estimator of N (total cases) is

formula image
= n1 × n2/m2. The Peterson estimate implies that the estimated number of cases missed by both systems (z) = (b × c)/(a); where b is the number of enrolled cases by the EIP only, c is the number of enrolled cases by the NVSN only, and a is the number of matched cases (m2) (21–25).

Main Article

References
  1. Aymard  M, Valette  M, Luciani  J; The Sentinel Physicians from the Grippe et Infections Respiratoires Aigues Pediatriques Network. Burden of influenza in children: preliminary data from a pilot survey network on community diseases. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2003;22(Suppl):S211–4. DOIPubMed
  2. Neuzil  KM, Zhu  Y, Griffin  MR, Edwards  KM, Thompson  JM, Tollefson  SJ, Burden of interpandemic influenza in children younger than 5 years: a 25-year prospective study. J Infect Dis. 2002;185:147–52. DOIPubMed
  3. Cox  NJ, Subbarao  K. Global epidemiology of influenza: past and present. Annu Rev Med. 2000;51:407–21. DOIPubMed
  4. Hilleman  MR. Realities and enigmas of human viral influenza: pathogenesis, epidemiology and control. Vaccine. 2002;20:3068–87. DOIPubMed
  5. Lavanchy  D. The importance of global surveillance of influenza. Vaccine. 1999;17(Suppl 1):S24–5. DOIPubMed
  6. Klimov  A, Simonsen  L, Fukuda  K, Cox  N. Surveillance and impact of influenza in the United States. Vaccine. 1999;17(Suppl 1):S42–6. DOIPubMed
  7. Griffin  MR, Coffey  CS, Neuzil  KM, Mitchel  EF Jr, Wright  PF, Edwards  KM. Winter viruses: influenza- and respiratory syncytial virus–related morbidity in chronic lung disease. Arch Intern Med. 2002;162:1229–36. DOIPubMed
  8. Izurieta  HS, Thompson  WW, Kramarz  P, Shay  DK, Davis  RL, DeStefano  F, Influenza and the rates of hospitalization for respiratory disease among infants and young children. N Engl J Med. 2000;342:232–9. DOIPubMed
  9. Thompson  WW, Shay  DK, Weintraub  E, Brammer  L, Bridges  CB, Cox  NJ, Influenza-associated hospitalizations in the United States. JAMA. 2004;292:1333–40. DOIPubMed
  10. O'Brien  MA, Uyeki  TM, Shay  DK, Thompson  WW, Kleinman  K, McAdam  A, Incidence of outpatient visits and hospitalizations related to influenza in infants and young children. Pediatrics. 2004;113:585–93. DOIPubMed
  11. Neuzil  KM, Mellen  BG, Wright  PF, Mitchel  EF Jr, Griffin  MR. The effect of influenza on hospitalizations, outpatient visits, and courses of antibiotics in children. N Engl J Med. 2000;342:225–31. DOIPubMed
  12. Rennels  MB, Meissner  HC. Technical report: reduction of the influenza burden in children. Pediatrics. 2002;110:e80. DOIPubMed
  13. Stephenson  I, Zambon  M. The epidemiology of influenza. Occup Med (Lond). 2002;52:241–7. DOIPubMed
  14. Iwane  MK, Edwards  KM, Szilagyi  PG, Walker  FJ, Griffin  MR, Weinberg  GA, Population-based surveillance for hospitalizations associated with respiratory syncytial virus, influenza virus, and parainfluenza viruses among young children. Pediatrics. 2004;113:1758–64. DOIPubMed
  15. Heikkinen  T, Salmi  AA, Ruuskanen  O. Comparative study of nasopharyngeal aspirate and nasal swab specimens for detection of influenza. BMJ. 2001;322:138. DOIPubMed
  16. Heikkinen  T, Marttila  J, Salmi  AA, Ruuskanen  O. Nasal swab versus nasopharyngeal aspirate for isolation of respiratory viruses. J Clin Microbiol. 2002;40:4337–9. DOIPubMed
  17. Ipp  M, Carson  S, Petric  M, Parkin  PC. Rapid painless diagnosis of viral respiratory infection. Arch Dis Child. 2002;86:372–3. DOIPubMed
  18. Weinberg  GA, Erdman  DD, Edwards  KM, Hall  CB, Walker  FJ, Griffin  MR, Superiority of reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction to conventional viral culture in the diagnosis of acute respiratory tract infections in children. J Infect Dis. 2004;189:706–10. DOIPubMed
  19. Schuchat  A, Hilger  T, Zell  E, Farley  MM, Reingold  A, Harrison  L, Active bacterial core surveillance of the emerging infections program network. Emerg Infect Dis. 2001;7:92–9. DOIPubMed
  20. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Flu activity website. [cited 15 Aug 2005]. Available from http://www.cdc.gov/flu/weekly//fluactivity.htm
  21. Chao  A, Tsay  PK, Lin  SH, Shau  WY, Chao  DY. The applications of capture-recapture models to epidemiological data. Stat Med. 2001;20:3123–57. DOIPubMed
  22. Gjini  A, Stuart  JM, George  RC, Nichols  T, Heyderman  RS. Capture-recapture analysis and pneumococcal meningitis estimates in England. Emerg Infect Dis. 2004;10:87–93.PubMed
  23. Hook  EB, Regal  RR. Capture-recapture methods in epidemiology: methods and limitations. Epidemiol Rev. 1995;17:243–64.PubMed
  24. International Working Group for Disease Monitoring and Forecasting. Capture-recapture and multiple-record systems estimation. I. History and theoretical development. Am J Epidemiol. 1995;142:1047–58.PubMed
  25. Wittes  JT. Note: On the bias and estimated variance of Chapman's two-sample capture-recapture population estimate. Biometrics. 1972;28:592–7. DOI
  26. Regal  RR, Hook  EB. Goodness-of-fit based confidence intervals for estimates of the size of a closed population. Stat Med. 1984;3:287–91. DOIPubMed
  27. Poehling  KA, Griffin  MR, Dittus  RS, Tang  YW, Holland  K, Li  H, Bedside diagnosis of influenzavirus infections in hospitalized children. Pediatrics. 2002;110:83–8. DOIPubMed
  28. Rodriguez  WJ, Schwartz  RH, Thorne  MM. Evaluation of diagnostic tests for influenza in a pediatric practice. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2002;21:193–6. DOIPubMed
  29. Ruest  A, Michaud  S, Deslandes  S, Frost  EH. Comparison of the Directigen flu A+B test, the QuickVue influenza test, and clinical case definition to viral culture and reverse transcription-PCR for rapid diagnosis of influenza virus infection. J Clin Microbiol. 2003;41:3487–93. DOIPubMed
  30. Cazacu  AC, Chung  SE, Greer  J, Demmler  GJ. Comparison of the directigen flu A+B membrane enzyme immunoassay with viral culture for rapid detection of influenza A and B viruses in respiratory specimens. J Clin Microbiol. 2004;42:3707–10. DOIPubMed
  31. International Working Group for Disease Monitoring and Forecasting. Capture-recapture and multiple-record systems estimation. II. Applications in human diseases. Am J Epidemiol. 1995;142:1059–68.PubMed
  32. Goldman  GS. Using capture-recapture methods to assess varicella incidence in a community under active surveillance. Vaccine. 2003;21:4250–5. DOIPubMed
  33. Whitfield  K, Kelly  H. Using the two-source capture-recapture method to estimate the incidence of acute flaccid paralysis in Victoria, Australia. Bull World Health Organ. 2002;80:846–51.PubMed
  34. Lange  JH, Chang  YF, LaPorte  RE. Use of the capture-recapture method for epidemiological studies in determining prevalence. Acta Neurol Scand. 2004;109:79–80. DOIPubMed
  35. Harper  SA, Fukuda  K, Uyeki  TM, Cox  NJ, Bridges  CB; Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Prevention and control of influenza: recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP). MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2005;54:1–40.PubMed
  36. American Academy of Pediatrics Committee on Infectious Diseases. Recommendations for influenza immunization of children. Pediatrics. 2004;113:1441–7. DOIPubMed

Main Article

Page created: February 16, 2012
Page updated: February 16, 2012
Page reviewed: February 16, 2012
The conclusions, findings, and opinions expressed by authors contributing to this journal do not necessarily reflect the official position of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, the Public Health Service, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, or the authors' affiliated institutions. Use of trade names is for identification only and does not imply endorsement by any of the groups named above.
file_external