Volume 12, Number 12—December 2006
Research
Foodborne Transmission of Nipah Virus, Bangladesh
Stephen P. Luby*
, Mahmudur Rahman†, M. Jahangir Hossain*, Lauren S. Blum*, M. Mushtaq Husain†, Emily S. Gurley*, Rasheda Khan*, Be-Nazir Ahmed†, Shafiqur Rahman†, Nazmun Nahar*, Eben Kenah*, James A. Comer‡, and Thomas G. Ksiazek‡
, Mahmudur Rahman†, M. Jahangir Hossain*, Lauren S. Blum*, M. Mushtaq Husain†, Emily S. Gurley*, Rasheda Khan*, Be-Nazir Ahmed†, Shafiqur Rahman†, Nazmun Nahar*, Eben Kenah*, James A. Comer‡, and Thomas G. Ksiazek‡
Table 3
Bivariate analysis of risk factors for encephalitis Habla Union, Tangail District, Bangladesh, 2005
| Risk factor | Case-patients with this risk factor, n = 11; no. (%) | Controls with this risk factor, n = 33; no. (%) | Odds ratio | 95% Confidence limits* | p value† |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Male sex | 6 (55) | 16 (49) | 1.3 | 0.31– 5.4 | 0.73 |
| Climbed trees | 3 (27) | 11(33) | 0.8 | 0.14–3.4 | 1.0 |
| Physical contact with living animal | |||||
| Pig | 0 | 0 | Undefined | 1.0 | |
| Fruit bat | 0 | 0 | Undefined | 1.0 | |
| Cow | 5 (46) | 21 (64) | 0.48 | 0.11–2.0 | 0.31 |
| Goat | 2 (18) | 6 (18) | 1.00 | 0.12–5.8 | 1.0 |
| Sheep | 0 | 2 (6) | 0 | 0, 11 | 1.0 |
| Chicken | 5 (46) | 9 (27) | 2.2 | 0.50–9.4 | 0.29 |
| Duck | 3 (27) | 7 (21) | 1.4 | 0.24–6.7 | 0.69 |
| Cat | 1 (9) | 10 (30) | 0.23 | 0.01–1.7 | 0.24 |
| Physical contact with any sick animal | 4 (36) | 4 (12) | 4.1 | 0.7–22 | 0.09 |
| Physical contact with sick chicken | 2 (18) | 2 (6) | 3.4 | 0.3–36 | 0.26 |
| Killed a sick animal | 0 | 1 (3) | 0 | 0–57 | 1.0 |
| Ate an animal that had been sick at the time it was killed | 0 | 1 (3) | 0 | 0–57 | 1.0 |
| Drank raw date palm sap | 7 (64) | 6 (18) | 7.9 | 1.6–38 | 0.01 |
| Ate | |||||
| Banana | 3 (27) | 11 (33) | 0.75 | 0.14–3.4 | 1.00 |
| Papaya | 1 (9) | 7 (21) | 0.37 | 0.01–2.9 | 0.66 |
| Starfruit | 2 (18) | 8 (24) | 0.7 | 0.09–3.8 | 1.0 |
| Guava | 5 (46) | 14 (42) | 1.1 | 0.27–4.6 | 1.0 |
| Tamarind | 1 (9) | 3 (9) | 1.0 | 0.03–11 | 1.0 |
| Buroy | 2 (18) | 6 (18) | 1.0 | 0.12–5.8 | 1.00 |
| Traveled outside subdistrict | 4 (36) | 10 (30) | 1.3 | 0.28–5.6 | 0.73 |
| Touched someone with fever and altered mental status who later died | 0 | 7 (21) | 0.0 | 0.0–2.0 | 0.16 |
| Been in the same room with someone with fever and altered mental status who later died | 2 (18) | 9 (27) | 0.59 | 0.08–3.2 | 0.70
*Exact mid-p. *Exact mid-p. |
*Exact mid-p.
†All p values are 2-tailed. Fisher exact test used when expected cell size <5.
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