Self-medication with Antimicrobial Drugs in Europe
Larissa Grigoryan*
, Flora M. Haaijer-Ruskamp*, Johannes G.M. Burgerhof*, Reli Mechtler†, Reginald Deschepper‡, Arjana Tambic-Andrasevic§, Retnosari Andrajati¶, Dominique L. Monnet#, Robert Cunney**, Antonella Di Matteo††, Hana Edelstein‡‡, Rolanda Valinteliene§§, Alaa Alkerwi¶¶, Elizabeth A. Scicluna##, Pawel Grzesiowski***, Ana-Claudia Bara†††, Thomas Tesar‡‡‡, Milan Cizman§§§, Jose Campos¶¶¶, Cecilia Stålsby Lundborg###, and Joan Birkin****
Author affiliations: *University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands; †University of Linz, Linz, Austria; ‡Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium; §University Hospital for Infectious Diseases, Zagreb, Croatia; ¶Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic; #Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark; **Health Protection Surveillance Centre, Dublin, Ireland; ††Consorzio Mario Negri Sud, Chieti, Italy; ‡‡Ha'Emek Medical Center, Afula, Israel; §§Institute of Hygiene, Vilnius, Lithuania; ¶¶Directorate of Health, Luxembourg, Luxembourg; ##St Luke's Hospital, G'Mangia, Malta; ***National Institute of Public Health, Warsaw, Poland; †††Max Planck Institute for Demographic Research, Rostock, Germany; ‡‡‡Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovakia; §§§University Medical Centre, Ljubljana, Slovenia; ¶¶¶Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; ###Karolinska Institutet, Göteborg, Sweden; ****Nottingham City Hospital, Nottingham, United Kingdom
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Figure A1
Figure A1. Use of major groups of antimicrobial drugs for actual self-medication in 17 countries; countries reporting less than 5 self-medication courses are excluded. DK, Denmark; CZ, Czech Republic; LU, Luxembourg ; BE, Belgium; SK, Slovakia; MT, Malta; RO, Romania; AT, Austria; UK, United Kingdom; IL, Israel; IE, Ireland; SI, Slovenia; PL, Poland; HR, Croatia; IT, Italy; ES, Spain; and LT, Lithuania. **Number of courses (taken in the previous 12 months) per 1,000 respondents per country. †Includes systemic amphenicols (J01B), aminoglycosides (J01G), combinations of systemic antibiotics (J01R) and other systemic antibiotics (J01X).
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Page created: January 27, 2012
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