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Volume 12, Number 3—March 2006
Research

Self-medication with Antimicrobial Drugs in Europe

Larissa Grigoryan*Comments to Author , Flora M. Haaijer-Ruskamp*, Johannes G.M. Burgerhof*, Reli Mechtler†, Reginald Deschepper‡, Arjana Tambic-Andrasevic§, Retnosari Andrajati¶, Dominique L. Monnet#, Robert Cunney**, Antonella Di Matteo††, Hana Edelstein‡‡, Rolanda Valinteliene§§, Alaa Alkerwi¶¶, Elizabeth A. Scicluna##, Pawel Grzesiowski***, Ana-Claudia Bara†††, Thomas Tesar‡‡‡, Milan Cizman§§§, Jose Campos¶¶¶, Cecilia Stålsby Lundborg###, and Joan Birkin****
Author affiliations: *University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands; †University of Linz, Linz, Austria; ‡Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium; §University Hospital for Infectious Diseases, Zagreb, Croatia; ¶Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic; #Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark; **Health Protection Surveillance Centre, Dublin, Ireland; ††Consorzio Mario Negri Sud, Chieti, Italy; ‡‡Ha'Emek Medical Center, Afula, Israel; §§Institute of Hygiene, Vilnius, Lithuania; ¶¶Directorate of Health, Luxembourg, Luxembourg; ##St Luke's Hospital, G'Mangia, Malta; ***National Institute of Public Health, Warsaw, Poland; †††Max Planck Institute for Demographic Research, Rostock, Germany; ‡‡‡Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovakia; §§§University Medical Centre, Ljubljana, Slovenia; ¶¶¶Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; ###Karolinska Institutet, Göteborg, Sweden; ****Nottingham City Hospital, Nottingham, United Kingdom

Main Article

Table 1

General characteristics of respondents in each European country

Country Response rate (%) No. respondents Mean age (y) ± SD Female (%) Low education level* (%) Presence of chronic disease (%)† Urban location (%)
Northern and western
The Netherlands 55 1,634 48 ± 17 58 30 15 48
Sweden 69 704 54 ± 19 53 53 14 49
Denmark 63 1,881 48 ± 17 56 60 14 49
Austria 28 442 49 ± 16 50 64 15 53
Belgium 54 1,734 45 ± 16 55 32 13 50
Luxembourg 50 675 46 ± 18 51 49 15 45
United Kingdom‡ 23 675 50 ± 10 58 40 15 58
Ireland 26 793 48 ± 16 59 53 17 47
Southern
Israel 18 467 50 ± 17 61 19 22 36
Malta 54 541 46 ± 16 55 60 21 47
Italy 21 213 45 ± 18 61 37 27 51
Spain 20 204 47 ± 14 47 31 18 57
Eastern
Czech Republic 59 1,169 54 ± 15 36 45 27 48
Slovenia 38 1,143 48 ± 17 58 70 20 47
Croatia 31 615 53 ± 16 55 10 26 58
Poland 32 935 45 ± 18 60 42 23 52
Slovakia 55 546 41 ± 16 54 27 23 54
Romania 43 430 50 ± 18 49 43 27 43
Lithuania 25 747 59 ± 18 35 32 39 54

*Low education level was defined as incomplete primary education, completed primary education, and lower vocational or general education.
†Including any of the following diseases: asthma, chronic bronchitis, emphysema, human immunodeficiency virus infection, cystic fibrosis, diabetes, endocarditis, tuberculosis, prostatitis, chronic urinary tract infection, chronic osteomyelitis, peptic ulcer disease, chronic pyelonephritis or cancer.
‡Reminders were not sent to nonrespondents.

Main Article

1A copy of the questionnaire is available from the corresponding author on request.

2The adjusted estimates for each country are available from the corresponding author on request.

3Results are available from the corresponding author on request.

Page created: January 27, 2012
Page updated: January 27, 2012
Page reviewed: January 27, 2012
The conclusions, findings, and opinions expressed by authors contributing to this journal do not necessarily reflect the official position of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, the Public Health Service, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, or the authors' affiliated institutions. Use of trade names is for identification only and does not imply endorsement by any of the groups named above.
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