Skip directly to site content Skip directly to page options Skip directly to A-Z link Skip directly to A-Z link Skip directly to A-Z link
Volume 13, Number 11—November 2007
Research

Methamphetamine Use and Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Skin Infections

Adam L. Cohen*Comments to Author , Carrie Shuler*†, Sigrid McAllister*, Gregory E. Fosheim*, Michael G. Brown‡, Debra Abercrombie§, Karen F. Anderson*, Linda K. McDougal*, Cherie L. Drenzek†, Katie Arnold†, Daniel B. Jernigan*, and Rachel Gorwitz*
Author affiliations: *Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA; †Georgia Division of Public Health, Atlanta, Georgia, USA; ‡Kennestone Hospital, Marietta, Georgia, USA; §Northwest Georgia Health District 1–1, Rome, Georgia, USA;

Main Article

Table 3

Antimicrobial susceptibility patterns and toxin gene presence of selected MRSA and MSSA isolates*

Antimicrobial agent or toxin MRSA isolates† (N = 32), no. (%) MSSA isolates (N = 13), no. (%)
Antimicrobial susceptibility
Chloramphenicol 32 (100.0) 10 (76.9)‡
Clindamycin 32 (100.0) 12 (92.3)
Inducible resistance (D-zone test) 0 1 (7.7)
Daptomycin 32 (100.0) 13 (100.0)
Doxycycline 32 (100.0) 13 (100.0)
Erythromycin 2 (6.5) 6 (46.2)
Gentamicin 32 (100.0) 13 (100.0)
Levofloxacin 27 (84.4) 12 (92.3)
Linezolid 32 (100.0) 13 (100.0)
Penicillin 0 2 (15.4)
Rifampin 32 (100.0) 13 (100.0)
Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole 32 (100.0) 13 (100.0)
Vancomycin 32 (100.0) 13 (100.0)
Toxin gene presence
Panton-Valentine leukocidin 32 (100.0) 5 (38.5)
TSST–1 0 0

*MRSA, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus; MSSA, methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus; TSST, toxic shock syndrome toxin.
†Methicillin resistance was determined by the oxacillin MIC and disk diffusion using a 30-μg cefoxitin disk (14).
‡Three (23.1%) isolates had intermediate resistance to chloramphenicol.

Main Article

References
  1. Stevenson  KB, Searle  K, Stoddard  GJ, Samore  M. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and vancomycin-resistant enterococci in rural communities, western United States. Emerg Infect Dis. 2005;11:895–903.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  2. Groom  AV, Wolsey  DH, Naimi  TS, Smith  K, Johnson  S, Boxrud  D, Community-acquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in a rural American Indian community. JAMA. 2001;286:1201–5. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  3. Naimi  TS, LeDell  KH, Boxrud  DJ, Groom  AV, Steward  CD, Johnson  SK, Epidemiology and clonality of community-acquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in Minnesota, 1996–1998. Clin Infect Dis. 2001;33:990–6. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  4. Fridkin  SK, Hageman  JC, Morrison  M, Sanza  LT, Como-Sabetti  K, Jernigan  JA, Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus disease in three communities. N Engl J Med. 2005;352:1436–44. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  5. McCaig  LF, McDonald  LC, Mandal  S, Jernigan  DB. Staphylococcus aureus–associated skin and soft tissue infections in ambulatory care. Emerg Infect Dis. 2006;12:1715–23.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  6. Moran  GJ, Amii  RN, Abrahamian  FM, Talan  DA. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in community-acquired skin infections. Emerg Infect Dis. 2005;11:928–30.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  7. Levine  DP, Cushing  RD, Jui  J, Brown  WJ. Community-acquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus endocarditis in the Detroit Medical Center. Ann Intern Med. 1982;97:330–8.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  8. Saravolatz  LD, Markowitz  N, Arking  L, Pohlod  D, Fisher  E. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Epidemiologic observations during a community-acquired outbreak. Ann Intern Med. 1982;96:11–6.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  9. Cunningham  JK, Liu  LM. Impacts of federal ephedrine and pseudoephedrine regulations on methamphetamine-related hospital admissions. Addiction. 2003;98:1229–37. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  10. Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. Results from the 2004 National survey on drug use and health: national findings, 2005 [cited 2007 Sep 7]. Available from http://www.oas.samhsa.gov/nsduh/2k4nsduh/2k4results/2k4results.htm
  11. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Methamphetamine use and HIV risk behaviors among heterosexual men—preliminary results from five northern California counties, December 2001–November 2003. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2006;55:273–7.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  12. Lee  NE, Taylor  MM, Bancroft  E, Ruane  PJ, Morgan  M, McCoy  L, Risk factors for community-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus skin infections among HIV-positive men who have sex with men. Clin Infect Dis. 2005;40:1529–34. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  13. US Census Bureau. US Census Bureau American FactFinder, 2000 [cited 2007 Sep 7]. Available from http://www.factfinder.census.gov/home/saff/main.html?_lang+en
  14. Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute. Performance standards for antimicrobial susceptibility testing. Sixteenth informational supplement. CLSI document M100–S16. Wayne (PA): The Institute; 2006.
  15. Jorgensen  JH, Crawford  SA, McElmeel  ML, Fiebelkorn  KR. Detection of inducible clindamycin resistance of staphylococci in conjunction with performance of automated broth susceptibility testing. J Clin Microbiol. 2004;42:1800–2. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  16. Moran  GJ, Krishnadasan  A, Gorwitz  RJ, Fosheim  GE, McDougal  LK, Carey  RB, Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infections among emergency department patients in 11 U.S. cities. N Engl J Med. 2006;355:666–74. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  17. Maslow  J, Slutsky  A, Arbeit  R. Application of pulsed-field gel electrophoresis to molecular epidemiology. In: Persing D, Smith T, Tenover F, White T, editors. Diagnostic molecular microbiology: principles and applications. Washington: American Society for Microbiology; 1993. p. 563–72.
  18. McDougal  LK, Steward  CD, Killgore  GE, Chaitram  JM, McAllister  SK, Tenover  FC. Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis typing of oxacillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus isolates from the United States: establishing a national database. J Clin Microbiol. 2003;41:5113–20. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  19. Kazakova  SV, Hageman  JC, Matava  M, Srinivasan  A, Phelan  L, Garfinkel  B, A clone of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus among professional football players. N Engl J Med. 2005;352:468–75. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  20. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infections in correctional facilities–Georgia, California, and Texas, 2001–2003. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2003;52:992–6.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  21. Campbell  KM, Vaughn  AF, Russell  KL, Smith  B, Jimenez  DL, Barrozo  CP, Risk factors for community-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infections in an outbreak of disease among military trainees in San Diego, California, in 2002. J Clin Microbiol. 2004;42:4050–3. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  22. Young  DM, Harris  HW, Charlebois  ED, Chambers  H, Campbell  A, Perdreau-Remington  F, An epidemic of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus soft tissue infections among medically underserved patients. Arch Surg. 2004;139:947–51. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  23. Molitor  F, Truax  SR, Ruiz  JD, Sun  RK. Association of methamphetamine use during sex with risky sexual behaviors and HIV infection among non-injection drug users. West J Med. 1998;168:93–7.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  24. Hirshfield  S, Remien  RH, Walavalkar  I, Chiasson  MA. Crystal methamphetamine use predicts incident STD infection among men who have sex with men recruited online: a nested case-control study. J Med Internet Res. 2004;6:e41. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  25. Cook  HA, Furuya  EY, Larson  E, Vasquez  G, Lowy  FD. Heterosexual transmission of community-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Clin Infect Dis. 2007;44:410–3. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  26. Gordon  RJ, Lowy  FD. Bacterial infections in drug users. N Engl J Med. 2005;353:1945–54. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  27. Vogt  TM, Perz  JF, Van Houten  CK Jr, Harrington  R, Hansuld  T, Bialek  SR, An outbreak of hepatitis B virus infection among methamphetamine injectors: the role of sharing injection drug equipment. Addiction. 2006;101:726–30. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  28. Miller  LG, Perdreau-Remington  F, Rieg  G, Mehdi  S, Perlroth  J, Bayer  AS, Necrotizing fasciitis caused by community-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in Los Angeles. N Engl J Med. 2005;352:1445–53. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  29. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infections among competitive sports participants—Colorado, Indiana, Pennsylvania, and Los Angeles County, 2000–2003. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2003;52:793–5.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  30. Gorwitz  RJ, Jernigan  DB, Powers  JH, Jernigan  JA; Participants in the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention-Convened Experts’ Meeting on Management of MRSA in the Community. Strategies for clinical management of MRSA in the community: summary of an experts’ meeting convened by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2006 [cited 2007 Sep 7]. Available from http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dhqp/pdf/ar/CAMRSA_ExpMtgStrategies.pdf

Main Article

Page created: July 05, 2010
Page updated: July 05, 2010
Page reviewed: July 05, 2010
The conclusions, findings, and opinions expressed by authors contributing to this journal do not necessarily reflect the official position of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, the Public Health Service, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, or the authors' affiliated institutions. Use of trade names is for identification only and does not imply endorsement by any of the groups named above.
file_external