Volume 13, Number 2—February 2007
Letter
Subclinical Plasmodium falciparum Infection and HIV-1 Viral Load
Kimberly C. Brouwer*
, Lisa B. Mirel*, Chunfu Yang*, Renu B. Lal*, Margarette S. Kolczak*, Anne M. Van Eijk†, John Ayisi†, Juliana A. Otieno‡, Bernard L. Nahlen*§, Richard Steketee*, Ya Ping Shi*†, and Altaf A. Lal*
, Lisa B. Mirel*, Chunfu Yang*, Renu B. Lal*, Margarette S. Kolczak*, Anne M. Van Eijk†, John Ayisi†, Juliana A. Otieno‡, Bernard L. Nahlen*§, Richard Steketee*, Ya Ping Shi*†, and Altaf A. Lal*
Table
Associations with log HIV-1 viral load in infants*
| Factor | No.† | Predicted beta (SE) | p value |
|---|---|---|---|
| Baseline viral load | |||
| Log viral load per mL | 146 | 0.65 (0.09) | <0.01 |
| Documented fever | |||
| Temperature >37°C | 23 | −0.02 (0.11) | 0.85 |
| Previous visit documented fever | |||
| Temperature >37°C | 18 | 0.07 (0.14) | 0.62 |
| Vaccination within 2 weeks of visit | |||
| Yes | 15 | 0.14 (0.14) | 0.34 |
| Vaccination within 2 weeks of previous visit | |||
| Yes | 18 | 0.09 (0.12) | 0.46 |
| Pneumonia | |||
| Present | 22 | 0.01 (0.13) | 0.93 |
| Anemia | |||
| Hemoglobin <8 g/dL | 25 | −0.25 (0.16) | 0.15 |
| Anemia during previous visit | |||
| Hemoglobin <8 g/dL | 27 | 0.01 (0.13) | 0.95 |
| Antimalarial drugs received/since previous visit | |||
| Antimalarial drugs given | 59 | 0.02 (0.10) | 0.84 |
| Malaria status current visit | |||
| Parasitemia positive | 39 | −0.07 (0.10) | 0.05 |
| Malaria status previous visit | |||
| Parasitemia positive | 53 | −0.14 (0.09) | 0.14 |
| Malaria status and antimalarial drug use received/since previous visit | <0.01 | ||
| Treated parasitemia | 46 | −0.11 (0.09) | 0.25 |
| Did not treat parasitemia | 7 | −0.002 (0.17) | 0.99 |
| Treated, no parasitemia | 13 | 0.28 (0.10) | <0.01 |
| Did not treat, no parasitemia | 80 | Reference | |
| Malaria dynamics (previous vs. current visit) | 0.36 | ||
| Cleared infection‡ (+ –) | 29 | −0.20 (0.11) | 0.09 |
| Reinfection/persistence (+ +) | 24 | −0.16 (0.15) | 0.28 |
| New infection (– +) | 15 | −0.18 (0.14) | 0.20 |
| No malaria‡ (– –) | 78 | Reference | |
| Age, mo | |||
| 4–9 | 73 | –0.39 (0.13) | <0.01 |
| 10–24 | 73 | Reference |
*Statistically significant associations (p<0.05) are indicated in boldface.
†Total sample size was 146 follow-up visits. Number of visits with the indicated characteristic are listed to the right. Sample size was 145 for pneumonia and anemia and 144 for anemia during previous visit.
‡After multiple comparisons (Tukey-Kramer) between groups in a model of the effect of malaria on log HIV viral load adjusted for age and baseline viral load, no statistically significant differences were found although clearing an infection versus no malaria had a p value of 0.10.
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