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Volume 14, Number 10—October 2008
Dispatch

Spinach-associated Escherichia coli O157:H7 Outbreak, Utah and New Mexico, 2006

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Author affiliations: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA (J. Grant, A.M. Wendelboe, A. Wendel); Wisconsin Department of Health and Human Services, Madison, Wisconsin, USA (A. Wendel); New Mexico Department of Health, Santa Fe, New Mexico, USA (A.M. Wendelboe, P. Torres, C. Smelser); Utah Department of Health, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA (J. Grant, B. Jepson, R.T. Rolfs);

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Abstract

In 2006, Utah and New Mexico health departments investigated a multistate cluster of Escherichia coli O157:H7. A case–control study of 22 case-patients found that consuming bagged spinach was significantly associated with illness (p<0.01). The outbreak strain was isolated from 3 bags of 1 brand of spinach. Nationally, 205 persons were ill with the outbreak strain.

On September 13, 2006, health officials from several states independently notified the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) about clusters of Escherichia coli O157:H7 infections and a suspected association with spinach. E. coli O157:H7 expresses 1 of 2 types of Shiga toxin and can cause severe gastrointestinal infections and hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS).

A multistate outbreak investigation, involving 26 states, was initiated on September 14. The US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and CDC advised consumers not to eat bagged spinach (1,2). The Utah (UDOH) and New Mexico Departments of Health conducted a case-control study to characterize the outbreak and a laboratory investigation to test spinach eaten by case-patients for contamination. This report focuses on the investigation conducted in the 2 states.

The case definition for a laboratory-confirmed illness was culture-confirmed E. coli O157:H7 infection in a Utah or New Mexico resident with illness onset during August 1, 2006–October 1, 2006, and a pattern of Xba EXHX01.0124 shown by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE). This urgent outbreak investigation did not require institutional review board approval.

The Study

The UDOH Enteric Disease Case Report Form and a supplemental CDC questionnaire on spinach consumption were administered by local or state public health officials to all participants by telephone. Information collected included date of disease onset, symptoms, treatment, community-based exposures, and a food-item history. Questions referred to the 8–10 days before case-patient symptom onset. Case-patients were first interviewed 3–23 days after illness onset (mean = 11.6 days); follow-up interviews for the questionnaire were completed within 23 days of illness onset.

Two controls per case-patient were matched by sex and age group to prevent confounding from potential differences in diet (3); age groups were <4 years, 5–12 years, 13–18 years, 19–64 years, and >65 years. Controls were selected by using sequential-digit telephone dialing based on the matched case-patient’s telephone number. Controls reported no gastrointestinal illness 3 days before and after symptom onset date of their matched case-patient.

Exact matched odds ratios (mOR) and confidence intervals (CI) were calculated by using conditional logistic regression in SAS 9.1 (SAS Institute, Cary, NC, USA). An α of 0.05 was used. No statistical analyses were performed for the categories “spinach brand” or “location spinach was eaten” because of insufficient data and inability to generate point estimates; we provide only descriptive evaluations of these variables. Only persons who indicated definite exposure to a single brand of spinach were included in the evaluation of brand.

The Utah Public Health Laboratories (UPHL) and New Mexico Scientific Laboratory Division (NMSLD) provided analytic testing services for all clinical and spinach samples. Public health officials collected spinach samples in their original packaging from confirmed case-patients. One spinach sample in New Mexico was frozen; all other samples were refrigerated. Modified FDA Bacterial and Analytical Manual methods were used to recover E. coli O157:H7 from both clinical and spinach samples (4). UPHL used MacConkey broth and NMSLD used Food Emergency Response Network (FERN) broth for enrichment instead of Enterohemorrhagic E. coli Enrichment Broth; both laboratories used an additional selective media (CHROMagar, CHROMagar, Paris, France).

The presence of O157 and H7 antigens in clinical and spinach samples was confirmed with latex agglutination typing. UPHL used ProLexLatex Agglutination System (Pro-Lab Diagnostics, Austin, TX, USA); NMSLD used Oxoid Dryspot E. coli O157 test kit (Oxoid, Cambridge, UK) and DIFCO H7 antiserum (DIFCO Laboratories, Detroit, MI, USA). All clinical isolates were tested for Shiga toxin genes (stx1 and stx2) by PCR. Clinical and spinach isolates were tested for Shiga toxin expression with the Premier EHEC enzymatic immunoassay Shiga-toxin test kit (Meridian Diagnostics, Inc., Cincinnati, OH, USA). PFGE was performed on E. coli O157:H7 cultures from clinical and spinach samples by using standard CDC PulseNet operating procedures (5). PCR testing reagents and protocols were provided through the Laboratory Response Network (LRN) and FERN.

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Thumbnail of Epidemic curve by date of onset of confirmed cases, Escherichia coli O157:H7 spinach-associated outbreak, Utah and New Mexico, 2006.

Figure. Epidemic curve by date of onset of confirmed cases, Escherichia coli O157:H7 spinach-associated outbreak, Utah and New Mexico, 2006.

Eighteen cases were confirmed in Utah and 5 in New Mexico. Onset dates ranged from August 22 to September 11 (Figure). Shiga toxin 2 was detected in stool samples from all patients. Demographic, clinical, and food exposure information was available for all patients (Tables 1, 2). Fifty-seven percent of case-patients were hospitalized, and 29% experienced HUS (age range 2–60 years). No deaths were reported.

Matched analyses were performed on 22 case-patients and 44 matched controls. Consumption of bagged spinach (mOR = 18.7, 95% CI = 2.8–797.1, p<0.01) was significantly associated with case status (Table 2). Food items previously implicated as sources of pathogenic E. coli were not significantly associated with case status.

No patients, versus 6 controls, reported only eating spinach at a restaurant; 16 patients and 10 controls reported only eating spinach in a private home (Table 2). Washing spinach before eating did not significantly change the odds of being a case-patient (Table 2). No study participants reported eating only cooked spinach; therefore, cooking was not analyzed. Ten case-patients and 3 controls reported definite exposure to single brands of spinach; only brands A and B were reportedly consumed by these patients. Seven case-patients and 1 control reported definite exposure to brand A; 0 case-patients and 2 controls reported definite exposure to brand B (Table 2).

Seven bags of spinach (5 from Utah, 2 from New Mexico) were provided by 7 case-patients. Five bags had been opened and their contents partially consumed. E. coli O157:H7, matching the national outbreak strain, was detected by PCR and culture in 2 Utah spinach bags and the New Mexico unfrozen bag. All 3 were open bags of brand A baby spinach. Lot codes were available on 2 bags; both were packed on August 15, 2006, at the same plant, on the same shift, but on different machines.

The 4 bags from which E. coli O157:H7 was not detected were also brand A baby spinach and were packed on August 15, 22, 23, and 28, 2006. Two bags that tested negative were eaten by case-patients who reported eating from multiple bags before illness onset.

Conclusions

Consumption of fresh brand A spinach was associated with E. coli O157:H7 infection with both epidemiologic and laboratory data. Washing spinach before consumption did not affect odds of being a case-patient. Possible reasons for this include 1) E. coli could be internalized into the plant structure by entering through the roots (6), and 2) bacteria are more likely to adhere to cut surfaces of leafy greens (e.g., prepackaged spinach) (7). That no case-patients reported only eating spinach in a restaurant suggests that the source of the contaminated spinach did not supply commercial establishments.

The percentage of case-patients in whom HUS developed (29%) was high when compared with that in prior E. coli O157:H7 outbreaks (15%–20%) (8,9). This finding is consistent with studies that associate Shiga toxin 2–expressing E. coli with a higher incidence of HUS (10,11).

Our study was subject to certain limitations. One is potential recall bias since controls had a longer time lag between consumption and interview and less motivation to accurately recall what foods they had eaten. However, overestimation of the association between spinach consumption and illness is unlikely because more controls reported having eaten spinach than were previously identified in surveys of the general population (12). Analysis of brand was limited because of poor recall among all participants. The sample size was small, resulting in imprecise effect estimates and, in certain cases, an inability to calculate a measure of association. Exact ORs were used to partially counteract this limitation.

This investigation was conducted in response to a national outbreak of E. coli O157:H7 infections with matching PFGE patterns among 205 persons in 26 states (13). Less than 2 weeks after its initiation, this investigation provided laboratory and epidemiologic evidence implicating spinach. The FDA used these data to focus its field investigation and interventions and linked the contaminated spinach to samples taken from a stream, cattle manure, and feces from wild pigs on ranches in Salinas Valley, California (13). In August 2006, FDA launched a lettuce safety initiative to address recurring outbreaks of E. coli O157 infections (14). After this outbreak, the initiative was expanded to include all leafy greens.

Dr Grant is currently a regional representative with the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry. At the time of this investigation, she was an Epidemic Intelligence Service officer with the Utah Department of Health. Her current research interests include the study of contaminants in the Arctic region and interactions between changing social systems and environmental health.

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Acknowledgment

We are grateful to the following persons for their assistance with the investigation and preparation of this article: Felicia Alvarez, Dan Andrews, Joan Baumbach, Diana Bensyl, Kimberly Christensen, Cody Craynor, Melissa Stevens Dimond, Louise Ekenstam, Cindy Fisher, Charla Haley, Brian Hatch, Mary Hill, Michael Hoekstra, Joy Holbrook, Debra Horensky, Jessica Jungk, Glen Kinney, Tina L’Estrange, Julie Magri, Ron Marsden, Susan Mottice, Jeff Norris, Lisa Onischuk, Diane Raccasi, Ilene Risk, Jenny Roberts, Lori Smith, Kasey Smith-Alexander, Samir Sodha, Dagmar Vitek, Jennifer Wagner, Amy Wendel, and Lisa Wyman.

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References

  1. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. CDC health alert: multiple states investigating a large outbreak of E. coli O157:H7 infections. Atlanta: US Department of Health and Human Services; 2006.
  2. Food and Drug Administration. FDA news: FDA warning on serious foodborne E. coli O157:H7 outbreak. Rockville (MD): US Department of Health and Human Services; 2006.
  3. Westenhoefer  J. Age and gender dependent profile of food choice. Forum Nutr. 2005;57:4451. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
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  6. Warriner  K, Ibrahim  F, Dickinson  M, Wright  C, Waites  WM. Interaction of Escherichia coli with growing salad spinach plants. J Food Prot. 2003;66:17907.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  7. Hassan  AN, Frank  JF. Influence of surfactant hydrophobicity on the detachment of Escherichia coli O157:H7 from lettuce. Int J Food Microbiol. 2003;87:14552. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  8. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Outbreaks of Escherichia coli O157:H7 associated with petting zoos—North Carolina, Florida, and Arizona, 2004 and 2005. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2005;54:127780.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  9. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Multistate outbreak of Escherichia coli O157:H7 infections associated with eating ground beef—United States, June–July 2002. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2002;51:6379.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  10. Ethelberg  S, Olsen  KEP, Scheutz  F, Jensen  C, Schiellerup  P, Engberg  J, Virulence factors for hemolytic uremic syndrome, Denmark. Emerg Infect Dis. 2004;10:8427.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  11. Prager  R, Annemuller  S, Tschape  H. Diversity of virulence patterns among shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli from human clinical cases-need for more detailed diagnostics. Int J Med Microbiol. 2005;295:2938. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  12. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Foodborne Diseases Active Surveillance Network (FoodNet): population survey atlas of exposures, 2002. Atlanta: The Centers; 2004.
  13. California Food Emergency Response Team. Investigation of an Escherichia coli O157:H7 outbreak associated with Dole pre-packaged spinach. Sacramento (CA): California Department of Health Services, US Food and Drug Administration; 2007.
  14. Brackett  RE. Statement of Robert E. Brackett, Ph.D., Director, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, Food and Drug Administration, before the Committee on Health, Education, Labor and Pensions, United States Senate 2006 [cited 2007 Feb 7]. Available from http://www.fda.gov/ola/2006/foodsafety1115.html

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Cite This Article

DOI: 10.3201/eid1410.071341

1Current affiliation: Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.

2Current affiliation: University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA.;

Table of Contents – Volume 14, Number 10—October 2008

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Juliana Grant, ATSDR-Alaska Office, 222 West 8th Ave, Stop 45, Anchorage, AK 99513, USA;

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Page created: July 13, 2010
Page updated: July 13, 2010
Page reviewed: July 13, 2010
The conclusions, findings, and opinions expressed by authors contributing to this journal do not necessarily reflect the official position of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, the Public Health Service, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, or the authors' affiliated institutions. Use of trade names is for identification only and does not imply endorsement by any of the groups named above.
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