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Volume 14, Number 3—March 2008
Dispatch

Methicillin-Resistant and -Susceptible Staphylococcus aureus Sequence Type 398 in Pigs and Humans

Alex van Belkum*, Damian C. Melles*Comments to Author , Justine K. Peeters*, Willem B. van Leeuwen*, Engeline van Duijkeren†, Xander W. Huijsdens‡, Emile Spalburg‡, Albert J. de Neeling‡, Henri A. Verbrugh*, on behalf of the Dutch Working Party on Surveillance Research of MRSA (SOM)
Author affiliations: *University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; †University of Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands; ‡National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, the Netherlands; 1Members of SOM: A. van Belkum, M. Bonten, M. van den Broek, J. Degener, E. van Duijkeren, A. van de Giessen, X.W. Huijsdens, J.A.J.W. Kluytmans, B. ter Kuile, I. van Loo, D. Mevius, A.J. de Neeling, R. van Oosterom, E. Stobberingh, E.W. Tiemersma, H.A. Verbrugh, A. Voss, J.A. Wagenaar, and P. van der Wolf;

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Figure 1

A) Meta-analysis of the amplified fragment length polymorphism data obtained for the pig-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus sequence type 398 (ST398 MRSA) and its closely related methicillin-susceptible S. aureus (MSSA) strains, carriage MSSA isolates from healthy children and elderly persons, invasive MSSA from hospitalized children and elderly persons, and invasive animal S. aureus isolates (including 2 MRSA isolates) (10,11). Green and red represent 161,700 binary outcomes generated by high throughput restriction fragment length polymorphism with 147 marker fragments. Marker absence corresponds with green, marker presence corresponds with red, and gray represents ambiguous positions (i.e., weak bands), scored as marker absence in the mathematical analyses. ST398 MRSA strains are boxed. The dendrogram on the left shows the phylogenetic strain clustering; the dendrogram on the x-axis shows marker clustering. Marker groups are cluster specific. Markers on the right are defined as follows: blue, carriage isolates (n = 829); black, bacteremia isolates (n = 146); yellow, animal isolates (n = 77); red, ST398 MRSA isolates (n = 46); pink, reference strains (Mu50/N315). B) Detail highlighting the ST398 isolates. Markers and lanes on the right are defined as follows: black, carriage isolate; red, clinical isolate; 1, ST398 MRSA isolated from humans; 2, ST398 MRSA isolated from pigs; 3, ST398 MSSA human carriage isolates; 4, ST398 MSSA human bacteremia isolates; 5, ST398 MSSA animal clinical isolate.

Figure 1. A) Meta-analysis of the amplified fragment length polymorphism data obtained for the pig-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus sequence type 398 (ST398 MRSA) and its closely related methicillin-susceptible S. aureus (MSSA) strains, carriage MSSA isolates from healthy children and elderly persons, invasive MSSA from hospitalized children and elderly persons, and invasive animal S. aureus isolates (including 2 MRSA isolates) (10,11). Green and red represent 161,700 binary outcomes generated by high throughput restriction fragment length polymorphism with 147 marker fragments. Marker absence corresponds with green, marker presence corresponds with red, and gray represents ambiguous positions (i.e., weak bands), scored as marker absence in the mathematical analyses. ST398 MRSA strains are boxed. The dendrogram on the left shows the phylogenetic strain clustering; the dendrogram on the x-axis shows marker clustering. Marker groups are cluster specific. Markers on the right are defined as follows: blue, carriage isolates (n = 829); black, bacteremia isolates (n = 146); yellow, animal isolates (n = 77); red, ST398 MRSA isolates (n = 46); pink, reference strains (Mu50/N315). B) Detail highlighting the ST398 isolates. Markers and lanes on the right are defined as follows: black, carriage isolate; red, clinical isolate; 1, ST398 MRSA isolated from humans; 2, ST398 MRSA isolated from pigs; 3, ST398 MSSA human carriage isolates; 4, ST398 MSSA human bacteremia isolates; 5, ST398 MSSA animal clinical isolate.

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