Volume 14, Number 8—August 2008
Historical Review
Deaths from Bacterial Pneumonia during 1918–19 Influenza Pandemic
Figure 5

References
- Osterholm MT. Preparing for the next pandemic.N Engl J Med. 2005;352:1839–42. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
- Gerberding JL. Pandemic preparedness: pigs, poultry, and people versus plans, products, and practice.J Infect Dis. 2006;194(Suppl 2):S77–81. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
- Oxford JS, Lambkin R, Elliot A, Daniels R, Sefton A, Gill D. Scientific lessons from the first influenza pandemic of the 20th century.Vaccine. 2006;24:6742–6. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
- Monto AS. Vaccines and antiviral drugs in pandemic preparedness.Emerg Infect Dis. 2006;12:55–60.PubMedGoogle Scholar
- Opie EL, Blake FG, Small JC, Rivers TM. Epidemic respiratory disease. St. Louis: C.V. Mosby Co.; 1921.
- Jordan EO. Epidemic influenza. A survey. Chicago: American Medical Association; 1927. p. 251, 271
- Vaughan WT. Influenza: an epidemiologic study. American Journal of Hygiene Monographic Series, no. 1; Jul 1921.
- Great Britain Ministry of Health. Reports on public health and medical subjects, no. 4: report on the pandemic of influenza, 1918–19. London: His Majesty’s Stationery Office; 1920. p. 359.
- Annual Report of the Secretary of the Navy. 1919—miscellaneous reports. Washington: Government Printing Office; 1919. p. 2439, 2493–4.
- Hall MW. Inflammatory diseases of the respiratory tract (bronchitis, influenza, bronchopneumonia, lobar pneumonia). In: Communicable diseases, vol. IX. The Medical Department of the United States Army in the World War; 1928. Washington: The Surgeon General’s Office [cited 2008 May 30]. Available from http://history.amedd.army.mil/booksdocs/wwi/communicablediseases/chapter2.1.htm
- Conner LA. The symptomatology and complications of influenza.JAMA. 1919;73:321–5.
- Brundage JF. Interactions between influenza and bacterial respiratory pathogens: implications for pandemic preparedness.Lancet Infect Dis. 2006;6:303–12. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
- Morens DM, Fauci AS. The 1918 influenza pandemic: insights for the 21st century.J Infect Dis. 2007;195:1018–28. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
- Kilbourne ED. Influenza pandemics of the 20th century.Emerg Infect Dis. 2006;12:9–14.PubMedGoogle Scholar
- Frost WH. Statistics of influenza morbidity. With special reference to certain factors in case incidence and case-fatality. Public Health Rep. 1920;35:584–97 [cited 2008 May 30]. Available from http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/picrender.fcgi?artid=1996797&blobtype=pdf
- Britten RH. The incidence of epidemic influenza, 1918–19. Public Health Rep. 1932;47:303–39 [cited 2008 May 30]. Available from http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/picrender.fcgi?artid=1996206&blobtype=pdf
- Mills CE, Robins JM, Lipsitch M. Transmissibility of 1918 pandemic influenza.Nature. 2004;432:904–6. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
- Sertsou G, Wilson N, Baker M, Nelson P, Roberts MG. Key transmission parameters of an institutional outbreak during the 1918 influenza pandemic estimated by mathematical modelling.Theor Biol Med Model. 2006;3:38. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
- Keeton RW, Cushman AB. The influenza epidemic in Chicago.JAMA. 1918;71:1962–7.
- Registrar General. Vital Statistics. Influenza, 1919—ages and duration of illness—New South Wales. In: Statistical register of New South Wales. Sydney (Australia): Government Printer; 1919. p. 135 (Table 110).
- Chickering HT, Park JH. Staphylococcus aureus pneumonia.JAMA. 1919;72:617–26.
- Nishiura H. Time variations in the transmissibility of pandemic influenza in Prussia, Germany, from 1918–19.Theor Biol Med Model. 2007;4:20. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
- Armstrong WG. Part I. Epidemiology and administration, sec. V. Report on the influenza epidemic in New South Wales in 1919. In: Report of the Director-General of Public Health, New South Wales, for the year ended 31st December 1919. Sydney (Australia): Government Printer; 1919. p. 144–72.
- Stevens KM. Cardiac stroke volume as a determinant of influenzal fatality.N Engl J Med. 1976;295:1363–6.PubMedGoogle Scholar
- Starr EB. Excessive mortality from influenza-pneumonia among bituminous coal miners of Ohio in 1918.Am J Public Health. 1920;10:348–51.
- Phillips H. Black October: impact of Spanish influenza epidemic of 1918 on South Africa. Pretoria (SA): The Government Printer; 1990. p. 2, 53, 158.
- Phimister IR. The “Spanish” influenza pandemic of 1918 and its impact on the southern Rhodesian mining industry.Cent Afr J Med. 1973;19:143–8.PubMedGoogle Scholar
- Rice GW. Black November: the 1918 influenza epidemic in New Zealand. Christchurch (NZ): Canterbury University Press; 2005.
- Crampton HE. On the differential effects of the influenza epidemic among native peoples of the Pacific Islands.Science. 1922;55:90–2. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
- Tomkins SM. The influenza epidemic of 1918–19 in Western Samoa.. J Pac Hist. 1992;27:181–97. DOIGoogle Scholar
- Mamelund S-E. The Spanish influenza among Norwegian ethnic minorities 1918–1919. CDE working paper no. 2001-11. Madison (WI): Center for Demography and Ecology, University of Wisconsin-Madison; 2001 [cited 2008 May 30]. Available from http://www.ssc.wisc.edu/cde/cdewp/2001-11.pdf
- Killingray D. The influenza pandemic of 1918–1919 in the British Caribbean.Soc Hist Med. 1994;7:59–87. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
- Markel H, Lipman HB, Navarro JA, Sloan A, Michalsen JR, Stern AM, Nonpharmaceutical interventions implemented by US cities during the 1918–1919 influenza pandemic.JAMA. 2007;298:644–54. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
- McCullers JA. Insights into the interaction between influenza virus and pneumococcus.Clin Microbiol Rev. 2006;19:571–82. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
- Peltola VT, Murti KG, McCullers JA. Influenza virus neuraminidase contributes to secondary bacterial pneumonia.J Infect Dis. 2005;192:249–57. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
- Bogaert D, de Groot R, Hermans PWM. Streptococcus pneumoniae colonisation: the key to pneumococcal disease.Lancet Infect Dis. 2004;4:144–54. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
- Madhi SA, Klugman KP; Vaccine Trialist Group.A role for Streptococcus pneumoniae in virus-associated pneumonia.Nat Med. 2004;10:811–3. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
- Bassetti S, Bischoff WE, Walter M, Bassetti-Wyss BA, Mason L, Reboussin BA, Dispersal of Staphylococcus aureus into the air associated with a rhinovirus infection.Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 2005;26:196–203. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
- Klugman KP, Madhi SA. Pneumococcal vaccines and flu preparedness[letter]. Science. 2007;316:49–50. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar