Skip directly to site content Skip directly to page options Skip directly to A-Z link Skip directly to A-Z link Skip directly to A-Z link
Volume 15, Number 6—June 2009
CME ACTIVITY - Perspective

Past, Present, and Possible Future Human Infection with Influenza Virus A Subtype H7

Jessica A. Belser, Carolyn B. Bridges, Jacqueline M. Katz, and Terrence M. TumpeyComments to Author 
Author affiliations: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA (J.A. Belser, C.B. Bridges, J.M. Katz, T.M. Tumpey); Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA (J.A. Belser)

Main Article

Table

Cases of human subtype H7 influenza A virus infection since 1996*

Location Year Subtype IVPI No. human infections Symptoms References
UK (England) 1996 H7N7 LPAI 1 Conjunctivitis (8,9)
USA (Virginia) 2002 H7N2 LPAI 1† Respiratory (10)
USA (New York) 2003 H7N2 LPAI 1 Respiratory (11)
Italy 2002–03 H7N3 LPAI 7† Conjunctivitis, respiratory (12)
The Netherlands 2003 H7N7 HPAI 89 Conjunctivitis, respiratory (6,13)
Canada (British Columbia) 2004 H7N3 LPAI/HPAI 2 Conjunctivitis, respiratory (14,15)
UK (Norfolk) 2006 H7N3 LPAI 1 Conjunctivitis (16)
UK (Wales) 2007 H7N2 LPAI 4 Conjunctivitis, respiratory (17)

*IVPI, intravenous pathogenicity index (1); LPAI, low pathogenicity avian influenza; HPAI, highly pathogenic avian influenza.
†Serologic evidence only.

Main Article

References
  1. World Organisation for Animal Health. Highly pathogenic avian influenza (fowl plague). In: Cullen GA, Linnance S, editors. Manual of standards for diagnostic tests and vaccines. 3rd ed. Paris: The Organisation; 1996. p. 155–60.
  2. Peiris  M, Yuen  KY, Leung  CW, Chan  KH, Ip  PL, Lai  RW, Human infection with influenza H9N2. Lancet. 1999;354:916–7. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  3. Taubenberger  JK. Influenza virus hemagglutinin cleavage into HA1, HA2: no laughing matter. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1998;95:9713–5. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  4. Thompson  WW, Shay  DK, Weintraub  E, Brammer  L, Bridges  CB, Cox  NJ, Influenza-associated hospitalizations in the United States. JAMA. 2004;292:1333–40. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  5. Writing Committeee of the Second World Health Organization Consultation on Clinical Aspects of Human Infection with Avian Influenza A(H5N1) Virus, Abdel-Ghafar AN, Chotpitayasunondh T, Gao Z, Hayden FG, Nguyen DH, et al. Update on avian influenza A (H5N1) virus infection in humans. N Engl J Med. 2008;358:261–73. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  6. Fouchier  RA, Schneeberger  PM, Rozendaal  FW, Broekman  JM, Kemink  SA, Munster  V, Avian influenza A virus (H7N7) associated with human conjunctivitis and a fatal case of acute respiratory distress syndrome. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2004;101:1356–61. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  7. Banks  J, Speidel  EC, McCauley  JW, Alexander  DJ. Phylogenetic analysis of H7 haemagglutinin subtype influenza A viruses. Arch Virol. 2000;145:1047–58. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  8. Kurtz  J, Manvell  RJ, Banks  J. Avian influenza virus isolated from a woman with conjunctivitis. Lancet. 1996;348:901–2. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  9. Banks  J, Speidel  E, Alexander  DJ. Characterisation of an avian influenza A virus isolated from a human—is an intermediate host necessary for the emergence of pandemic influenza viruses? Arch Virol. 1998;143:781–7. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  10. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Update: influenza activity—United States, 2003–04 season. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2004;53:284–7.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  11. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Update: influenza activity—United States and worldwide, 2003–04 season, and composition of the 2004–05 influenza vaccine. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2004;53:547–52.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  12. Puzelli  S, Di Trani  L, Fabiani  C, Campitelli  L, De Marco  MA, Capua  I, Serological analysis of serum samples from humans exposed to avian H7 influenza viruses in Italy between 1999 and 2003. J Infect Dis. 2005;192:1318–22. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  13. Koopmans  M, Wilbrink  B, Conyn  M, Natrop  G, van der Nat  H, Vennema  H, Transmission of H7N7 avian influenza A virus to human beings during a large outbreak in commercial poultry farms in the Netherlands. Lancet. 2004;363:587–93. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  14. Hirst  M, Astell  CR, Griffith  M, Coughlin  SM, Moksa  M, Zeng  T, Novel avian influenza H7N3 strain outbreak, British Columbia. Emerg Infect Dis. 2004;10:2192–5. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  15. Tweed  SA, Skowronski  DM, David  ST, Larder  A, Petric  M, Lees  W, Human illness from avian influenza H7N3, British Columbia. Emerg Infect Dis. 2004;10:2196–9. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  16. Nguyen-Van-Tam  JS, Nair  P, Acheson  P, Baker  A, Barker  M, Bracebridge  S, Outbreak of low pathogenicity H7N3 avian influenza in UK, including associated case of human conjunctivitis. Euro Surveill. 2006;11:E060504.2.
  17. Avian influenza A/(H7N2) outbreak in the United Kingdom. Euro Surveill. 2007;12:E070531.2.
  18. Capua  I, Alexander  DJ. Avian influenza: recent developments. Avian Pathol. 2004;33:393–404. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  19. DeLay  PD, Casey  HL, Tubiash  HS. Comparative study of fowl plague virus and a virus isolated from man. Public Health Rep. 1967;82:615–20. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  20. Campbell  CH, Webster  RG, Breese  SS Jr. Fowl plague virus from man. J Infect Dis. 1970;122:513–6. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  21. Taylor  HR, Turner  AJ. A case report of fowl plague keratoconjunctivitis. Br J Ophthalmol. 1977;61:86–8. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  22. Webster  RG, Geraci  J, Petursson  G, Skirnisson  K. Conjunctivitis in human beings caused by influenza A virus of seals. N Engl J Med. 1981;304:911. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  23. Lang  G, Gagnon  A, Geraci  JR. Isolation of an influenza A virus from seals. Arch Virol. 1981;68:189–95. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  24. Meijer  A, Bosman  A, van de Kamp  EE, Wilbrink  B, van Beest Holle Mdu  R, Koopmans  M. Measurement of antibodies to avian influenza virus A(H7N7) in humans by hemagglutination inhibition test. J Virol Methods. 2006;132:113–20. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  25. Pappas  C, Matsuoka  Y, Swayne  DE, Donis  RO. Development and evaluation of an influenza virus subtype H7N2 vaccine candidate for pandemic preparedness. Clin Vaccine Immunol. 2007;14:1425–32. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  26. United States Animal Health Association. Report of the Committee on Transmissible Diseases of Poultry and Other Avian Species. Richmond (VA): The Association; 2007.
  27. Suarez  DL, Senne  DA, Banks  J, Brown  IH, Essen  SC, Lee  CW, Recombination resulting in virulence shift in avian influenza outbreak, Chile. Emerg Infect Dis. 2004;10:693–9. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  28. Dudley  JP. Public health and epidemiological considerations for avian influenza risk mapping and risk assessment. Ecology and Society. 2008;13:21.
  29. Skowronski  DM, Li  Y, Tweed  SA, Tam  TW, Petric  M, David  ST, Protective measures and human antibody response during an avian influenza H7N3 outbreak in poultry in British Columbia, Canada. CMAJ. 2007;176:47–53. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  30. Kuhne  M, Morgan  O, Ellis  J, Nair  P, Wreghitt  TG, Curran  MD, Human antibody response to avian influenza A (H7N3) virus during an outbreak in poultry in Norfolk, United Kingdom. Options for the Control of Influenza VI (abstract P326); 2007.
  31. Belser  JA, Lu  X, Maines  TR, Smith  C, Li  Y, Donis  RO, Pathogenesis of avian influenza (H7) virus infection in mice and ferrets: enhanced virulence of Eurasian H7N7 viruses isolated from humans. J Virol. 2007;81:11139–47. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  32. de Wit  E, Munster  VJ, Spronken  MI, Bestebroer  TM, Baas  C, Beyer  WE, Protection of mice against lethal infection with highly pathogenic H7N7 influenza A virus by using a recombinant low-pathogenicity vaccine strain. J Virol. 2005;79:12401–7. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  33. Spackman  E, Senne  DA, Davison  S, Suarez  DL. Sequence analysis of recent H7 avian influenza viruses associated with three different outbreaks in commercial poultry in the United States. J Virol. 2003;77:13399–402. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  34. Belser  JA, Blixt  O, Chen  LM, Pappas  C, Maines  TR, Van Hoeven  N, Contemporary North American influenza H7 viruses possess human receptor specificity: implications for virus transmissibility. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2008;105:7558–63. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  35. Dybing  JK, Schultz-Cherry  S, Swayne  DE, Suarez  DL, Perdue  ML. Distinct pathogenesis of Hong Kong–origin H5N1 viruses in mice compared to that of other highly pathogenic H5 avian influenza viruses. J Virol. 2000;74:1443–50. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  36. Munster  VJ, de Wit  E, van Riel  D, Beyer  WE, Rimmelzwaan  GF, Osterhaus  AD, The molecular basis of the pathogenicity of the dutch highly pathogenic human influenza A H7N7 viruses. J Infect Dis. 2007;196:258–65. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  37. Joseph  T, McAuliffe  J, Lu  B, Vogel  L, Swayne  D, Jin  H, A live attenuated cold-adapted influenza A H7N3 virus vaccine provides protection against homologous and heterologous H7 viruses in mice and ferrets. Virology. 2008;378:123–32. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  38. Ilyushina  NA, Govorkova  EA, Russell  CJ, Hoffmann  E, Webster  RG. Contribution of H7 haemagglutinin to amantadine resistance and infectivity of influenza virus. J Gen Virol. 2007;88:1266–74. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  39. Ilyushina  NA, Govorkova  EA, Webster  RG. Detection of amantadine-resistant variants among avian influenza viruses isolated in North America and Asia. Virology. 2005;341:102–6. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  40. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Interim guidance for protection of persons involved in U.S. avian influenza outbreak disease control and eradication activities. 2006 [cited 2009 Mar 1]. Available from http://www.cdc.gov/flu/avian/professional/protect-guid.htm

Main Article

Page created: September 24, 2012
Page updated: September 24, 2012
Page reviewed: September 24, 2012
The conclusions, findings, and opinions expressed by authors contributing to this journal do not necessarily reflect the official position of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, the Public Health Service, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, or the authors' affiliated institutions. Use of trade names is for identification only and does not imply endorsement by any of the groups named above.
file_external