Pandemic (H1N1) 2009 virus was first detected in Singapore in May 2009. Infected patients were placed in isolation and offered oseltamivir, and respiratory samples were collected for screening for H275Y, the principal mutation associated with oseltamivir resistance in influenza A N1 viruses. H275Y was detected in a pandemic (H1N1) 2009 virus isolated from a sample from a 28-year-old female patient on the sixth day of illness within 48 hours of her exposure to oseltamivir. (Written patient consent was obtained under Review Board approval no. E09-230.) A sore throat, myalgia, redness of the right eye, and a mild fever with a productive cough had developed on the day she returned to Singapore from Hawaii. Eleven close contacts, exposed before emergence of the mutant, were given oseltamivir prophylaxis on the patient’s fourth day of treatment, and they remained well. By performing sequencing directly on 6 of her respiratory samples and on their viral isolates (Technical Appendix), we investigated the origin of this H275Y mutant (the second earliest sample of this mutation to be deposited in GenBank).

Figure

Figure. Pyrograms showing evolution of the H275Y mutation in pandemic (H1N1) 2009 virus, Singapore. A) May 29, sample 14 h after receiving oseltamivir shows 100% G. B) May 30, 38-h sample shows...

Only wild-type sequences were detected in samples collected on the day before, the day of, and 14 hours after initiation of oseltamivir therapy (Technical Appendix Table 1). Similarly, only wild-type sequences were detected in 192 clones generated from a sample collected a few hours before initiation of oseltamivir. Pyrosequencing directly on clinical samples collected 38 and 45 hours after initiation of therapy showed 24% and 52% mutant sequences, respectively (Figure). The relative amount of virus detected, as determined by the strength of PCR results (Technical Appendix Table 1), increased from days 3 to 5 of illness by ≈1,000-fold. Oseltamivir treatment was initiated on day 4 of illness. On the same day, her maximum body temperature (38.8°C) was recorded, although no other signs or symptoms of clinical deterioration were observed. Her fever resolved on day 5 of illness, and she was allowed out of isolation on day 7 of illness.

When we compared the mutant drug-resistant isolate GN285 with the wild-type drug-sensitive isolate ON129, we found only 1 aa difference, the H275Y resistance-causing mutation in the neuraminidase gene, whereas a comparison of GN285 and ON129 with the reference strain A/Texas/05/2009(H1N1) showed several mutations (Technical Appendix Table 2). Mutation PB1 I435V, shared between GN285 and ON129, did not occur in any of the other 7 drug-resistant strains included in the analysis. The whole genome maximum likelihood tree (Technical Appendix Figure 1 ) showed that the wild-type and resistant viruses isolated from this patient were more closely related to each other than to any other virus in the analysis. Notably, GN285 and ON129 clustered together in 376 of the 500 bootstrap tests.

Our data indicate that oseltamivir resistance developed within 2 days. This time is similar to the interval for development of resistance to adamantanes in subtype H3N2 viruses when 30% of treated patients shed resistant, transmissible virus within 3 days of beginning treatment (7). Four cases of H275Y infection have been detected, with the use of sequencing, among 1,060 pandemic (H1N1) 2009 isolates tested (0.47%) in Singapore since June 2009 (not including the case reported here). Only 1 case was found in a pretreatment sample; the other 3 were identified after treatment. The emergence of H275Y might also be affected by the timing of therapy. In the case reported here, oseltamivir treatment was begun on day 4 of illness when viral titers were almost maximal, which is probably the stage of illness best suited to select for resistant mutants because the presence of mutations is likely to be greatest when replication is greatest. Notably, rates of H275Y are high, reaching 13% (8) among immunocompromised groups in whom high viral titers might also be a contributory factor.

Pyrosequencing directly on clinical material allows the measurement of relative quantities of viral variants without introducing errors inherent in viral culture, which is known to favor the growth of H275Y mutants (6). Pyrosequencing cannot exclude the presence of subpopulations of <5%–10%, but if small proportions of mutant virus had been present, they would have been detected in the culture of the sample collected 14 hours after exposure to oseltamivir; however, only wild-type sequences were detected. Similarly, only wild-type sequences were detected in 192 clones derived directly from the sample collected a few hours before the first dose of oseltamivir. The phylogenetic data show, at the amino acid and nucleotide level, that the resistant and sensitive isolates cluster together, apart from other viruses. These data support the hypothesis that the H275Y mutant arose de novo from the wild-type virus from the same patient.

The fact that the effects of oseltamivir are likely to be greatest in severe disease (9–11), but of modest benefit in mild infections (12), has led to proposals for restricting the use of antiviral agents and the use of alternative antiviral agents and multidrug therapy to prevent the emergence of resistance (7,9) in severe cases. The proposed interventions may be of little consequence compared with the association and co-selection of H275Y with other genetic determinants. Although in isolation H275Y compromises seasonal influenza (H1N1) by reducing the amount of neuraminidase expressed on the cell surface, other mutations (R194G, V234M, and R222Q) may compensate and restore its expression to levels found in wild-type virus, without H275Y (13). This circumstance may explain the emergence and spread of H275Y in the absence of drug pressure in seasonal influenza (H1N1), which increased from being negligible in 2007 to 95% in March 2009 (7) despite a low consumption of oseltamivir (14). More than 99% of all pandemic (H1N1) 2009 neuraminidases have G at position 194, which corresponds to the R194G in seasonal influenza (H1N1). However, the effects of mutations are not easily transferable among different influenza (H1N1) types and may need to be tested separately (Technical Appendix ).

The clinical effects of the spread of H275Y in seasonal influenza (H1N1) have been minimal because seasonal influenza (H1N1) now accounts for an insignificant proportion of influenza (15). However, if H275Y mutants of pandemic (H1N1) 2009 emulate the expansion of resistant seasonal influenza (H1N1), the effect might be substantial because pandemic (H1N1) 2009 accounted for 90%–95% of circulating influenza A viruses in the Northern and Southern Hemispheres in late 2009 (15). We are speculating, however, because our laboratory data show that pandemic (H1N1) 2009 fell from 62% to 29% of 436 influenza cases from May 2010 to mid June 2010, Singapore’s main influenza season, whereas the presence of influenza (H3N2) has risen from 23% to 53% (influenza B accounts for 15%–20%). As the next influenza season in the Southern Hemisphere approaches, the relative mixture of subtype H3N2 and H1N1 viruses will be under scrutiny again, not only to predict “best bet” vaccine components but also to ascertain their associated resistance patterns. Whatever the epidemiologic data exhibit, clinicians should consider resistance when patients do not respond to treatment for pandemic (H1N1) 2009 because H275Y can emerge literally overnight, as the case reported here reminds us.