Volume 17, Number 12—December 2011
Dispatch
Knowledge of Avian Influenza (H5N1) among Poultry Workers, Hong Kong, China
Table A1
Item† | Value |
---|---|
Virus can infect | |
Wild birds? [Y] / Live poultry [Y] / Domestic birds? [Y] | 65.4/60.1/44.8 |
Humans? [Y] / Other animals? [Y] | 50.0/17.0 |
Virus can be transmitted from 1 place to another on | |
Bird feces? [Y] / Poultry cages? [Y] / Bird feed? [Y] / Clothing and shoes? [Y] | 82.7/26.8/16.9/11.9 |
Humans can be infected by | |
Eating behavior: eating poultry cooked well done? [N] / Eating runny eggs? [Y] | 69.1/14.0 |
Infected bird contact: bird feces? [Y] / Breathing near birds? [Y] / Swimming with birds? [Y] | 59.7/22.1/19.4 |
Occupational risks: slaughtering poultry? [Y] / Defeathering poultry? [Y] | 29.1/14.9 |
Symptoms of infection in humans | |
Dermatologic: Hair loss? [N] / Rash? [N] | 99.4/98.2 |
Influenza-like: Fever? [Y] / Cough? [Y] / Muscle pain? [Y] / Runny nose? [Y] | 89.8/67.1/67.1/54.5 |
Respiratory: Difficulty in breathing? [Y] / Crackling breathing sounds? [Y] | 59.2/18.8 |
Other: Vomiting? [Y] / Diarrhea? [Y] / Nose bleeding? [Y] | 25.0/14.3/2.9 |
There have been reported human cases | |
Somewhere? [Y] / Asia? [Y] / People’s Republic of China? [Y] / Hong Kong? [Y] | 96.8/91.1/78.2/72.6 |
100% effective, commercially available vaccines exists | |
For birds? [N] / For humans? [N] | 80.2/67.2 |
Duration virus can survive outside body | |
<6 h / 6h– 24h / several days / [>1 wk] | 29.0/22.7/18.0/30.3 |
Mortality rate for humans | |
Almost everyone survives / <50% / [50%–89% die] / >90% / don’t know | 57.9/26.3/13.5/1.2/1.2 |
Overall knowledge score, range 0–36, mean, SD | 6.7, 6.43 |
Knowledge score multivariable linear regression model, β (95% CI), p value‡§ | |
Educational level, primary or less = referent, F1–3, >F4 | 0.97 (0.07–1.87), 0.035 |
Household monthly income >20,000 Hong Kong dollars | 1.61 (0.09–3.13), 0.038 |
Received prevention information from the Internet | 4.35 (2.58–6.13), <0.0001 |
Received prevention information from other sources¶ | 3.86 (1.10–6.62), 0.006 |
In the past month, how frequently did you? Almost always / Sometimes? / Never? | |
Handle live chickens with bare hands | 37.5/27.5/35.0 |
Handle dead chickens with bare hands | 10.3/27.4/62.3 |
Wear eye protection when handling chickens | 7.3/22.3/70.4 |
Wear face mask when handling chickens | 25.3/35.2/39.5 |
Wear PPE (e.g., apron, mask) when handling chickens | 51.2/22.4/26.4 |
Sterilize your clothes | 52.9/31.8/15.3 |
Wash hands with soap after killing chickens | 65.2/24.6/10.2 |
Overall preventive practice score, mean ± SD (range)# | 8.16 ± 3.26 (0–14) |
Practice score multivariable linear regression model, β (95% CI), p value‡** | |
>10 y working in the poultry industry; <10 y is referent | 1.45 (0.39–2.51), 0.010 |
Retail shop worker; wholesale is referent | 1.11(0.08–2.14), 0.034 |
Below median perceived barriers score; above median is referent | 1.44 (0.43–2.46), 0.006 |
*Values are % responding correctly unless otherwise indicated. Y, yes; N, no; PPE, personal protection equipment; CI, confidence interval.
†Correct answers are indicated in [brackets].
‡Variance inflation factors (VIF) diagnostics indicated no evidence of colinearity (all VIF <1.2) among variables in final models. Model fit analysis showed that standardized residuals of models were normally distributed and not associated with standardized predicted values.
§Final model constant for knowledge score, α (95% CI) 13.70 (11.8–15.6). The following candidate covariates had the following β coefficients and p values before removal from knowledge score model: age, β = 0.25, p = 0.57; <10 years in poultry industry, β = 1.08, p = 0.20; newspaper information source, β = 0.79, p = 0.284; health workers information source, β = −1.06, p = 0.441; poster information source, β = −0.04, p = 0.650.
¶Other health information sources included health talks, seminars, school, radio, flyers, and other poultry workers.
#Scored 2 = always, 1 = sometimes, 0 = never for computing summative score. Items 1 and 2 about chickens are reverse coded.
**Final model constant for practice score, α (95% CI) 6.18 (5.08–7.29). The following candidate covariates had the following β coefficients and p values before removal from practice score model: monthly income >20,000 Hong Kong dollars, β = −0.036, p = 0.956; above median avian influenza (H5N1) susceptibility score, β = 0.171, p = 0.797; above median avian influenza (H5N1) perceived severity score, β = −0.965, p = 0.143.
Medline reports the first author should be "Olsen SJ" not "Olsen S" in reference 10 "Olsen, Laosiritaworn, Pattanasin, Prapasiri, Dowel, 2005".