Figure. Changes in cytokine and growth factor levels in the acute and recovery phase of Mayaro fever. Box-and-whisker plots show median, upper and lower quartile, minimum, and maximum values. A) During the prolonged recovery phase, serum levels of interleukin (IL) 5–10, IL-13, and IL-17 were significantly elevated compared with levels for healthy controls. IL-10 levels were also significantly increased during the acute phase, as were IL-12p70 levels. B) Significantly increased serum concentrations of interferon-γ (IFN-γ)–induced protein 10 (IP-10), regulated on activation, normal T cell expressed and secreted (RANTES), macrophage inflammatory proteins (MIP)–1α and –1β, granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), and IFN-γ were detected in the prolonged recovery phase; significant elevations were also seen in the acute phase for RANTES and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). Tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α) concentrations showed a nonsignificant median decrease during the acute phase, whereas eotaxin levels were significantly decreased at that time. *p<0.05 and **p<0.01, versus values for healthy controls (Kruskal-Wallis test).