Skip directly to site content Skip directly to page options Skip directly to A-Z link Skip directly to A-Z link Skip directly to A-Z link
Volume 23, Number 5—May 2017
Research Letter

Management of Bartonella Prosthetic Valve Endocarditis without Cardiac Surgery

Tables
Article Metrics
4
citations of this article
EID Journal Metrics on Scopus
Author affiliations: St. Thomas' Hospital, London, UK (P. Papineni, C. Hemsley, J. Chambers, J.L. Klein); University Hospital Southampton, Southampton, UK (A. Carroll); Royal Bournemouth Hospital, Bournemouth, UK (J. Radvan); Basingstoke and North Hampshire Hospital,
Basingstoke, UK (N. Cortes); Public Health England, London (T. Harrison)

Cite This Article

Abstract

Two cases of Bartonella prosthetic valve endocarditis were cured when treated for 2 weeks with gentamicin and 3 months with doxycycline. Clinical cure correlated with decreased Bartonella antibody titers. This report suggests a strategy to monitor, treat, and cure Bartonella prosthetic valve endocarditis.

Bartonella, a causative agent of blood culture–negative endocarditis (BCNE) that usually requires valve surgery, was first attributed to endocarditis over 20 years ago (14). We report 2 cases of Bartonella prosthetic valve endocarditis that were successfully treated with antimicrobial drugs alone.

Case 1 involved a 62-year-old man admitted to the hospital in 2011 with left-flank pain and a 3-year history of anorexia, weight loss, night sweats, and recent diagnosis of anemia. He kept pet cats. He underwent mechanical aortic valve replacement and patent foramen ovale closure in 1992 and a repeat aortic valve replacement and an aortic root replacement for a chronic type A dissection in 1996.

On physical examination, he was afebrile and had subconjunctival hemorrhages, normal prosthetic heart sounds, and 10-cm splenomegaly. Blood tests showed a hemoglobin concentration of 9 g/dL (reference range 14.0–17.5 g/dL), serum creatinine of 2.76 mg/dL (reference range 0.6–1.2 mg/dL), C-reactive protein of 48 mg/L (reference range 0.08–3.1 mg/L), rheumatoid factor of 742 U/mL (reference range 0–30 U/mL), and c-ANCA (cytoplasmic antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody) positivity (proteinase 3 autoantibody concentration, 18.3 U/mL). Urine dipstick (Combur 7 Test; Roche Diagnostics Ltd, Basel, Switzerland) revealed the presence of blood (4+), and renal biopsy demonstrated necrotizing crescentic glomerulonephritis. Five blood cultures were sterile. Transesophageal echocardiography showed no evidence of endocarditis. Bartonella serologic testing was conducted with an indirect immunofluorescence assay by using the manufacturer’s instructions (MRL, Cypress, CA, USA); results showed high IgG titers to both B. henselae and B. quintana (Table), but the infecting species could not be determined. The patient was treated for 2 weeks with intravenous gentamicin (2 mg/kg/d) and for 3 months with oral doxycycline (100 mg 2×/d). Nine months after completing treatment, he was well: splenomegaly had resolved, and hemoglobin (15.6 g/dL) and creatinine (1.31 mg/dL) concentrations approached normal levels. He was well when last reviewed in 2014.

Case 2 involved a 29-year-old woman with inflammatory bowel disease and primary sclerosing cholangitis. Her symptoms began in 2011 with fever, rigors, night sweats, and anorexia for 2 weeks. She had no pets but recalled contact with a kitten 8 months previously. In 2002, BCNE developed, requiring mechanical aortic and mitral valve replacements. In 2003, BCNE was again diagnosed but was complicated by an ascending aorta to left atrial fistula, requiring an aortic root replacement, a homograft, and a repeat mechanical mitral valve replacement.

Physical examination revealed fever, a splinter hemorrhage, and an ejection systolic murmur. Blood tests revealed a low hemoglobin concentration (10.9 g/dL), a high C-reactive protein concentration (26 mg/L), normal renal function, and positivity for rheumatoid factor (114 U/mL). Transesophageal echocardiograms revealed no evidence of endocarditis. One of 20 blood culture tests grew B. henselae after a 19-day incubation (Public Health England, identified by partial sequencing of 16S rDNA). A serologic test for Bartonella was strongly positive (Table). Three days after starting treatment with oral doxycycline (100 mg 2×/d) and intravenous gentamicin (3 mg/kg/d), she became afebrile; she received 14 days of gentamicin and 3 months of doxycycline in total. Two months later, she remained well, and her C-reactive protein concentration was <5 mg/L. Because of symptomatic stenosis caused by structural deterioration of the replacement aortic valve, she underwent another aortic valve and root replacement 19 months after completing antimicrobial drugs. No evidence of active endocarditis was found during surgery.

Bartonella antibody titers dropped slowly over a period of 3 years in both patients (Table). Only case 1 had definite infective endocarditis when using the modified Duke diagnostic criteria. However, because the Duke criteria are insensitive for BCNE diagnosis, it has been proposed that a Bartonella IgG titer of >1:800 and a positive Western blot or PCR analysis when using valve or blood specimens should be considered major Duke criteria (5).

Most reported cases of Bartonella endocarditis involve native valves; the first prosthetic valve infection was reported in 2002 (6). Although >80% of patients require valve replacement, infection with Bartonella is not in itself a recognized indication for surgery. Because our patients responded to medication, we did not need to consider cardiac surgery. The optimal antimicrobial drug therapy and duration for Bartonella endocarditis is undetermined. The recommended regimen of gentamicin for 14 days and doxycycline for 4 weeks (7) has limited evidence supporting its use (8,9). We found only 1 case of Bartonella prosthetic valve endocarditis cured without valve surgery; it was cured with a 30-month antimicrobial drug regimen (10).

The role for serial serologic testing in assessing cure of Bartonella endocarditis is unknown. In our cases, as in a previous report (10), a drop in Bartonella titers occurred over a 3-year period in those who were cured, suggesting follow-up serologic testing might be useful to assess Bartonella endocarditis clinical cure.

Our findings suggest that a simple, inexpensive drug regimen is optimal therapy for Bartonella endocarditis and that serial serologic testing can confirm adequate treatment and cure. Further research is needed to validate this approach to managing Bartonella endocarditis.

Dr. Papineni is a Specialist Registrar in Infectious Diseases and General Medicine in the London Deanery. She is currently a clinical research fellow at the National University of Singapore with a research interest in shortening treatment of tuberculosis.

Top

References

  1. Spach  DH, Callis  KP, Paauw  DS, Houze  YB, Schoenknecht  FD, Welch  DF, et al. Endocarditis caused by Rochalimaea quintana in a patient infected with human immunodeficiency virus. J Clin Microbiol. 1993;31:6924.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  2. Tattevin  P, Watt  G, Revest  M, Arvieux  C, Fournier  PE. Update on blood culture-negative endocarditis. Med Mal Infect. 2015;45:18. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  3. Fournier  P-E, Thuny  F, Richet  H, Lepidi  H, Casalta  JP, Arzouni  JP, et al. Comprehensive diagnostic strategy for blood culture-negative endocarditis: a prospective study of 819 new cases. Clin Infect Dis. 2010;51:13140. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  4. Chaloner  GL, Harrison  TG, Birtles  RJ. Bartonella species as a cause of infective endocarditis in the UK. Epidemiol Infect. 2013;141:8416. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  5. Edouard  S, Nabet  C, Lepidi  H, Fournier  PE, Raoult  D. Bartonella, a common cause of endocarditis: a report on 106 cases and review. J Clin Microbiol. 2015;53:8249. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  6. Klein  JL, Nair  SK, Harrison  TG, Hunt  I, Fry  NK, Friedland  JS. Prosthetic valve endocarditis caused by Bartonella quintana. Emerg Infect Dis. 2002;8:2023. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  7. Habib  G, Lancellotti  P, Antunes  MJ, Bongiorni  MG, Casalta  JP, Del Zotti  F, et al.; Document Reviewers. 2015 ESC guidelines for the management of infective endocarditis. Eur Heart J. 2015;36:3075128. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  8. Raoult  D, Fournier  PE, Vandenesch  F, Mainardi  JL, Eykyn  SJ, Nash  J, et al. Outcome and treatment of Bartonella endocarditis. Arch Intern Med. 2003;163:22630. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  9. Rolain  JM, Brouqui  P, Koehler  JE, Maguina  C, Dolan  MJ, Raoult  D. Recommendations for treatment of human infections caused by Bartonella species. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2004;48:192133. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  10. Lesprit  P, Noël  V, Chazouillères  P, Brun-Buisson  C, Deforges  L. Cure of bartonella endocarditis of a prosthetic aortic valve without surgery: value of serologic follow-up. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2003;9:23941. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar

Top

Table

Top

Cite This Article

DOI: 10.3201/eid2305.161238

Table of Contents – Volume 23, Number 5—May 2017

EID Search Options
presentation_01 Advanced Article Search – Search articles by author and/or keyword.
presentation_01 Articles by Country Search – Search articles by the topic country.
presentation_01 Article Type Search – Search articles by article type and issue.

Top

Comments

Please use the form below to submit correspondence to the authors or contact them at the following address:

Padmasayee Papineni, St. Thomas’ Hospital, Westminster Bridge Rd, Lambeth, London SE1 7EH, UK

Send To

10000 character(s) remaining.

Top

Page created: April 14, 2017
Page updated: April 14, 2017
Page reviewed: April 14, 2017
The conclusions, findings, and opinions expressed by authors contributing to this journal do not necessarily reflect the official position of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, the Public Health Service, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, or the authors' affiliated institutions. Use of trade names is for identification only and does not imply endorsement by any of the groups named above.
file_external