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Volume 24, Number 12—December 2018
Dispatch

Risk Factors for Acquiring Scrub Typhus among Children in Deoria and Gorakhpur Districts, Uttar Pradesh, India, 2017

Jeromie Wesley Vivian Thangaraj, Ravi Vasanthapuram, Leonard Machado, Govindakarnavar Arunkumar, Samir V. Sodha, Kamran Zaman, Tarun Bhatnagar, Shafeeq K. Shahul Hameed, Arun Kumar, Jazeel Abdulmajeed, Anoop Velayudhan, Avinash Deoshatwar, Anita S. Desai, K. Hemanth Kumar, Nivedita Gupta, Kayla LasersonComments to Author , Manoj Murhekar, and Scrub Typhus Risk Factor Study Group
Author affiliations: Indian Council of Medical Research National Institute of Epidemiology, Chennai, India (J.W.V. Thangaraj, T. Bhatnagar, M. Murhekar); National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bengaluru, India (R. Vasanthapuram, S.K.S. Hameed, A.S. Desai); World Health Organization, New Delhi, India (L. Machado, A. Kumar); Manipal Centre for Virus Research, Manipal Academy of Higher Education (Deemed to be University), Manipal, India (G. Arunkumar, J. Abdulmajeed, K.H. Kumar); US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, New Delhi (S.V. Sodha, A. Velayudhan, K. Laserson); Indian Council of Medical Research National Institute of Virology, Gorakhpur, India (K. Zaman); Indian Council of Medical Research National Institute of Virology, Pune, India (A. Deoshatwar); Indian Council of Medical Research, New Delhi (N. Gupta)

Main Article

Table 2

Risk factors associated with scrub typhus, Gorakhpur and Deoria districts, Uttar Pradesh, 2017*

Risk factor % Cases, n = 155 % Controls, n = 406 OR (95% CI) p value aOR (95% CI)
Location of house within or adjoining field 67 52 1.86 (1.26–2.74) 0.002 1.56 (1.02–2.38)
Mud or grassy approach road to house 41 36 1.21 (0.82–1.76) 0.335
Mud or grassy pavement in front of house 81 71 1.73 (1.09–2.74) 0.018
Mud house floor 72 59 1.88 (1.25–2.82) 0.002
Presence of waterbody within 100 m of house
 61
 51
 1.52 (1.04–2.23)
 0.029
Location of toilet
No toilet 76 57 2.76 (1.59–4.78) 0.001
Within house 12 24 1
Outside house
 12
 18
 1.36 (0.66–2.80)
Wood or dung fuel 55 34 2.32 (1.59–3.39) <0.01
Storage of fuel (wood or dung) inside house or veranda 53 34 2.16 (1.48–3.14) <0.01 1.61 (1.06–2.45)
Food waste given to cattle or disposed in common place 30 25 1.27 (0.84–1.92) 0.248
Spotted rats inside house, daily 80 79 1.09 (0.68–1.73) 0.731
Spotted rats outside house, daily 43 48 0.81 (0.56–1.17) 0.263
Presence of scrub vegetation around house 79 73 1.38 (0.88–2.17) 0.154
Storage of wet food produce inside house or veranda 37 25 1.78 (1.20–2.65) 0.004
Storage of dried food produce inside house or veranda 83 72 1.87 (1.17–2.99) 0.009
Livestock kept inside house or veranda 32 22 1.65 (1.09–2.48) 0.017
Fodder for livestock stored inside house or veranda
 32
 24
 1.49 (0.99–2.24)
 0.055
Place of drying clothes; bushes, ground, fence, or roof 30 25 1.30 (0.86–1.95) 0.213
Usual clothing at home for lower body; fully covered 24 21 1.18 (0.76–1.83) 0.451
Usual clothing at home for upper body; fully covered 8 11 0.71 (0.36–1.38) 0.308
Usual clothing for school for lower body; fully covered 48 42 1.14 (0.74–1.76) 0.543
Usual clothing for school for upper body; fully covered 51 43 1.27 (0.82–1.97) 0.283
Usual clothing during playing for lower body; fully covered 21 17 1.26 (0.79–1.99) 0.334
Usual clothing during playing for upper body; fully covered 8 8 1.0 (0.51–1.97) 0.980
Using clothing while sleeping for lower body; fully covered 19 17 1.1 (0.68–1.78) 0.692
Using clothing while sleeping for upper body; fully covered 7 7 0.89 (0.42–1.88) 0.763
Change of clothes before sleep; never or sometimes 86 84 1.24 (0.73–2.11) 0.423
Do not wear footwear during playing 73 65 1.25 (0.82–1.89) 0.298
Do not wear footwear while going to school
 6
 4
 1.37 (0.59–3.19)
 0.465
Place of play in 2 wks before illness
Indoor 5 17 1 0.001
Around house 77 76 3.77 (1.68–8.45) 2.68 (1.15–6.27)
Agricultural fields
 18
 7
 9.38 (3.68–23.90)
 5.20 (1.92–14.15)
Practice of washing after playing
Usually takes bath 13 14 1
Usually washes hands or feet 59 60 1.05 (0.60–1.84) 0.769
None
 28
 25
 1.21 (0.65–2.25)
 0.225
Floor as usual place of sleeping
 14
 11
 1.41 (0.81–2.44)
Place of defecation in 2 wks before illness
Around house 7 14 1.12 (0.52–2.42) 0.001 0.93 (0.41–2.12)
Field 76 48 3.62 (2.25–5.82) 2.00 (1.18–3.39)
Toilet
 17
 38
 1
1
Early morning defecation 30 25 1.28 (0.85–1.93) 0.237
Swam or bathed in river or stream in 2 wks before illness 11 5 2.37 (1.21–4.67) 0.012 1.74 (0.80–3.77)
Visited field in 2 wks before illness 61 39 2.49 (1.70–3.63) <0.01 1.65 (1.07–2.52)
Carried bundle of grass over head in 2 wks before illness 14 6 2.29 (1.25–4.21) <0.01 0.75 (0.35–1.61)
Handled cattle fodder in 2 wks before illness 25 9 3.46 (2.1–5.69) <0.01 2.05 (1.13–3.70)

*aOR, adjusted odds ratio; OR, odds ratio.

Main Article

1Study group members are listed at the end of this article.

Page created: November 20, 2018
Page updated: November 20, 2018
Page reviewed: November 20, 2018
The conclusions, findings, and opinions expressed by authors contributing to this journal do not necessarily reflect the official position of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, the Public Health Service, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, or the authors' affiliated institutions. Use of trade names is for identification only and does not imply endorsement by any of the groups named above.
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