Volume 26, Number 1—January 2020
Dispatch
Locally Acquired Human Infection with Swine-Origin Influenza A(H3N2) Variant Virus, Australia, 2018
Figure 2

Figure 2. Maximum-clade credibility tree showing the time of emergence from humans and divergence of swine influenza A and influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 virus among swine populations in Australia. Numbers 1–10 denote inferences of individual introductions from humans to swine, and virus names are colored by state of collection: red, New South Wales; blue, Queensland; green, Victoria; purple, Western Australia. Time-scaled phylogenies were estimated by using the uncorrelated log-normal relaxed clock model (11) in a Bayesian Markov chain Monte Carlo framework in BEAST version 1.10 (https://beast.community). HA, hemagglutinin.
References
- Smith GJ, Vijaykrishna D, Bahl J, Lycett SJ, Worobey M, Pybus OG, et al. Origins and evolutionary genomics of the 2009 swine-origin H1N1 influenza A epidemic. Nature. 2009;459:1122–5. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
- Dawood FS, Jain S, Finelli L, Shaw MW, Lindstrom S, Garten RJ, et al.; Novel Swine-Origin Influenza A (H1N1) Virus Investigation Team. Emergence of a novel swine-origin influenza A (H1N1) virus in humans. N Engl J Med. 2009;360:2605–15. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
- Vincent A, Awada L, Brown I, Chen H, Claes F, Dauphin G, et al. Review of influenza A virus in swine worldwide: a call for increased surveillance and research. Zoonoses Public Health. 2014;61:4–17. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
- Bowman AS, Nelson SW, Page SL, Nolting JM, Killian ML, Sreevatsan S, et al. Swine-to-human transmission of influenza A(H3N2) virus at agricultural fairs, Ohio, USA, 2012. Emerg Infect Dis. 2014;20:1472–80. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Influenza A (H3N2) variant virus-related hospitalizations: Ohio, 2012. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2012;61:764–7.PubMedGoogle Scholar
- Wong FYK, Donato C, Deng YM, Teng D, Komadina N, Baas C, et al. Divergent human-origin influenza viruses detected in Australian swine populations. J Virol. 2018;92:e00316–8. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
- Matrosovich M, Matrosovich T, Carr J, Roberts NA, Klenk HD. Overexpression of the alpha-2,6-sialyltransferase in MDCK cells increases influenza virus sensitivity to neuraminidase inhibitors. J Virol. 2003;77:8418–25. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
- Hayden FG, Hay AJ. Emergence and transmission of influenza A viruses resistant to amantadine and rimantadine. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol. 1992;176:119–30. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
- Deng YM, Iannello P, Smith I, Watson J, Barr IG, Daniels P, et al. Transmission of influenza A(H1N1) 2009 pandemic viruses in Australian swine. Influenza Other Respir Viruses. 2012;6:e42–7. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
- Stamatakis A. RAxML version 8: a tool for phylogenetic analysis and post-analysis of large phylogenies. Bioinformatics. 2014;30:1312–3. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
- Duwell MM, Blythe D, Radebaugh MW, Kough EM, Bachaus B, Crum DA, et al. Influenza A(H3N2) variant virus outbreak at three fairs —Maryland, 2017. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2018;67:1169–73. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
- Epperson S, Jhung M, Richards S, Quinlisk P, Ball L, Moll M, et al.; Influenza A (H3N2)v Virus Investigation Team. Human infections with influenza A(H3N2) variant virus in the United States, 2011-2012. Clin Infect Dis. 2013;57(Suppl 1):S4–11. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
- Jhung MA, Epperson S, Biggerstaff M, Allen D, Balish A, Barnes N, et al. Outbreak of variant influenza A(H3N2) virus in the United States. Clin Infect Dis. 2013;57:1703–12. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
- Animal Health Australia. AUSVETPLAN manuals and documents. Influenza A viruses in swine (Version 4.0) [cited 2019 Jul 5]. https://www.animalhealthaustralia.com.au/our-publications/ausvetplan-manuals-and-documents