Volume 26, Number 3—March 2020
CME ACTIVITY - Synopsis
Epidemiology of Cryptosporidiosis, New York City, New York, USA, 1995–20181
Table 2
Reported exposures of cryptosporidiosis patients stratified by those with and without international or domestic travel outside New York City, New York, USA, during period of interest before symptom onset for patients, 2000–2018*
| Characteristic | Age, y/sex group, no. positive/no. tested (%) |
p value | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| <20/All | 20–59/M | >59/M | >20/F | Total | ||
| Interviewed patients | 500/555 (90.1) | 1,000/1,359 (73.6) | 71/87 (81.6) | 434/537 (80.8) | 2,005/2,538 (79) | <0.001 |
| International travel | 254/492 (51.6) | 158/993 (15.9) | 16/72 (22.2) | 155/431 (36.0) | 583/1,988 (29.3) | <0.001 |
| Domestic travel | 99/445 (22.2) | 208/910 (22.9) | 12/65 (18.5) | 81/395 (20.5) | 400/1,815 (22.0) | 0.77 |
| No travel | 149/474 (31.4) | 562/908 (61.9) | 39/67 (58.2) | 179/401 (44.6) | 929/1,850 (50.2) | <0.001 |
| High-risk sex† | ND | 234/546 (42.9) | 6/37 (16.2) | 30/174 (17.2) | 270/757 (35.7) | <0.001 |
| Recreational water contact‡ | 35 (23.5) | 46 (8.2) | 3 (7.7) | 12 (6.7) | 96 (10.3) | <0.001 |
| Child care attendee§ | 14/61 (23.0) | ND | ND | ND | ND | NA |
| Animal contact¶ | 36 (24.2) | 197 (35.1) | 5 (12.8) | 64 (35.8) | 302 (32.5) | 0.02 |
| Ate high-risk food# | 61 (40.9) | 338 (60.2) | 16 (41.0) | 113 (63.1) | 528 (56.9) | <0.001 |
| Drank NYC tap water | 68 (45.6) | 403 (71.7) | 23 (59.0) | 119 (66.5) | 613 (66.0) | <0.001 |
| Treated NYC tap water** | 53 (35.8) | 217 (38.6) | 16 (41.0) | 73 (40.8) | 359 (38.7) | 0.50 |
| Used NYC tap water†† | 117 (78.5) | 496 (88.3) | 31 (79.5) | 165 (92.2) | 809 (87.1) | <0.001 |
| Drank high-risk water‡‡ | 2/145 (1.4) | 8/549 (1.5) | 0/37 (0) | 2/174 (1.1) | 12/905 (1.3) | >0.99 |
*Percentages in parentheses reflect percentage of patients who were interviewed during each period. Period of interest is defined as 1 month for patients given a diagnosis during January 1995–April 2010, and 2 weeks for patients given a diagnosis during May 2010–December 2018. NA, not applicable; ND, no data were collected; NYC, New York City.
†For adults >18 years of age, defined as having anal sex (receptive or insertive), insertion of a finger or a tongue in or around a partner’s anus, or having oral sex.
‡Defined as water from a hot tub, public or private swimming pool, stream, ocean, or recreational water park.
§For children <5 years of age.
¶Defined as having a pet, being exposed to an animal, changing cat litter, picking up dog stool, visiting a zoo, having a pet, or having a job that required contact with animals.
#Defined as raw or unpasteurized cheese, milk or cider, cooked or uncooked shellfish, and unpeeled fruit or vegetables.
**Patients either boiled or filtered NYC municipal water before drinking.
††Used NYC municipal water to brush teeth, wash vegetables/fruit, make ice, or make juice.
‡‡High-risk water was defined as water from a stream, spring, pond, or private well.
1Preliminary results were presented at the annual meeting of the Council of State and Territorial Epidemiologists, June 11–13, 2018; West Palm Beach, Florida, USA.
2Current affiliation: Los Angeles County Department of Health, Los Angeles, California, USA.
3Current affiliation: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.