Volume 26, Number 6—June 2020
CME ACTIVITY - Research
Statin Use and Influenza Vaccine Effectiveness in Persons ≥ 65 Years of Age, Taiwan
Table 1
Characteristics of persons >65 who received influenza vaccine versus those who did not receive influenza vaccine, Taiwan*
| Characteristics | Before propensity score-matching |
Propensity score-matched |
|||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Vaccinated | Unvaccinated | Standardized difference | Vaccinated | Unvaccinated | Standardized difference | ||
| No. patients |
3,417,212 |
6,010,180 |
3,165,272 |
3,165,272 |
|||
| Mean age, y (SD) |
74.3 (6.4) |
73.6 (6.8) |
0.100 |
74.2 (6.4) |
74.2 (6.9) |
–0.002 |
|
| Sex | |||||||
| M | 1,707,483 (50.0) | 2,908,606 (48.4) | 0.031 | 1,559,852 (49.3) | 1,550,848 (49.0) | 0.006 | |
| F |
1,709,729 (50.0) |
3,101,574 (51.6) |
1,605,420 (50.7) |
1,614,424 (51.0) |
|||
| Monthly income, $ Taiwan | |||||||
| Dependent† | 1,234,769 (36.1) | 2,527,696 (42.1) | –0.122 | 1,190,930 (37.6) | 1,197,102 (37.8) | –0.004 | |
| <19,100 | 794,513 (23.3) | 1,365,600 (22.7) | 0.013 | 728,908 (23.0) | 721,281 (22.8) | 0.006 | |
| 19,100–41,999 | 1,367,022 (40.0) | 2,054,058 (34.2) | 0.121 | 1,224,632 (38.7) | 1,226,438 (38.7) | –0.001 | |
| >42,000 |
20,908 (0.6) |
62,826 (1.0) |
–0.048 |
20,802 (0.7) |
20,451 (0.6) |
0.001 |
|
| Urbanization‡ | |||||||
| Level 1 | 988,136 (28.9) | 1,833,258 (30.5) | –0.035 | 926,242 (29.3) | 925,049 (29.2) | 0.001 | |
| Level 2 | 2,194,465 (64.2) | 3,793,218 (63.1) | 0.023 | 2,025,556 (64.0) | 2,025,109 (64.0) | 0.000 | |
| Level 3 | 199,301 (5.8) | 320,751 (5.3) | 0.022 | 180,635 (5.7) | 181,562 (5.7) | –0.001 | |
| Level 4 |
35,310 (1.0) |
62,953 (1.0) |
–0.001 |
32,839 (1.0) |
33,552 (1.1) |
–0.002 |
|
| No. outpatient visits in the previous 12 mo | |||||||
| 0–10 | 504,028 (14.7) | 1,831,616 (30.5) | –0.383 | 504,014 (15.9) | 500,316 (15.8) | 0.003 | |
| 11–20 | 869,805 (25.5) | 1,598,542 (26.6) | –0.026 | 851,438 (26.9) | 854,335 (27.0) | –0.002 | |
| 21–30 | 776,389 (22.7) | 1,106,821 (18.4) | 0.107 | 719,783 (22.7) | 721,771 (22.8) | –0.001 | |
| 31–40 | 522,170 (15.3) | 651,142 (10.8) | 0.132 | 462,035 (14.6) | 462,408 (14.6) | 0.000 | |
| >40 |
744,820 (21.8) |
822,059 (13.7) |
0.214 |
628,002 (19.8) |
626,442 (19.8) |
0.001 |
|
| CCI score (SD)§ |
7.7 (2.8) |
7.2 (2.8) |
0.236 |
7.8 (2.8) |
7.8 (2.9) |
–0.006 |
|
| Underlying conditions | |||||||
| Cerebrovascular disease | 1,151,954 (33.7) | 1,703,465 (28.3) | 0.116 | 1,047,165 (33.1) | 1,052,107 (33.2) | –0.003 | |
| Diabetes | 1,377,596 (40.3) | 2,000,525 (33.3) | 0.146 | 1,246,943 (39.4) | 1,252,696 (39.6) | –0.004 | |
| Hypertension | 2,568,836 (75.2) | 3,931,874 (65.4) | 0.215 | 2,344,103 (74.1) | 2,351,157 (74.3) | –0.005 | |
| CAD | 1,672,350 (48.9) | 2,340,127 (38.9) | 0.203 | 1,520,516 (48.0) | 1,447,015 (45.7) | 0.047 | |
| Myocardial infarction | 158,688 (4.6) | 228,094 (3.8) | 0.042 | 143,777 (4.5) | 144,573 (4.6) | –0.001 | |
| PVD | 238,514 (7.0) | 324,691 (5.4) | 0.065 | 217,314 (6.9) | 210,393 (6.6) | 0.009 | |
| Heart failure | 555,349 (16.3) | 792,171 (13.2) | 0.087 | 503,135 (15.9) | 506,674 (16.0) | –0.003 | |
| Dyslipidemia | 1,557,151 (45.6) | 2,231,936 (37.1) | 0.172 | 1,436,998 (45.4) | 1,340,441 (42.3) | 0.062 | |
| Chronic liver disease | 1,067,001 (31.2) | 1,460,809 (24.3) | 0.155 | 950,911 (30.0) | 951,575 (30.1) | 0.000 | |
| CKD | 664,324 (19.4) | 917,408 (15.3) | 0.110 | 596,302 (18.8) | 597,911 (18.9) | –0.001 | |
| Peptic ulcer disease | 1,904,442 (55.7) | 2,764,223 (46.0) | 0.196 | 1,720,590 (54.4) | 1,723,618 (54.5) | –0.002 | |
| Dementia | 249,766 (7.3) | 370,758 (6.2) | 0.045 | 228,856 (7.2) | 231,226 (7.3) | –0.003 | |
| Valvular heart disease | 424,657 (12.4) | 596,580 (9.9) | 0.079 | 383,055 (12.1) | 384,592 (12.2) | –0.001 | |
| Drug abuse | 48,591 (1.4) | 74,326 (1.2) | 0.016 | 45,499 (1.4) | 45,816 (1.4) | –0.001 | |
| Atrial fibrillation |
160,148 (4.7) |
235,626 (3.9) |
0.038 |
146,674 (4.6) |
147,989 (4.7) |
–0.002 |
|
| Medications | |||||||
| Antiplatelet agents | 559,272 (16.4) | 735,104 (12.2) | 0.118 | 491,897 (15.5) | 493,185 (15.6) | –0.001 | |
| Insulin | 42,022 (1.2) | 58,973 (1.0) | 0.024 | 38,581 (1.2) | 38,823 (1.2) | –0.001 | |
| Oral diabetic drugs | 399,409 (11.7) | 552,935 (9.2) | 0.081 | 358,531 (11.3) | 361,189 (11.4) | –0.003 | |
| Diuretics | 301,500 (8.8) | 420,868 (7.0) | 0.067 | 270,816 (8.6) | 272,637 (8.6) | –0.002 | |
| Calcium channel blockers | 651,895 (19.1) | 892,880 (14.9) | 0.113 | 580,984 (18.4) | 583,106 (18.4) | –0.002 | |
| Beta-blockers | 413,542 (12.1) | 583,937 (9.7) | 0.077 | 371,599 (11.7) | 372,374 (11.8) | –0.001 | |
| ACEI/ARB | 508,701 (14.9) | 719,943 (12.0) | 0.085 | 459,520 (14.5) | 461,934 (14.6) | –0.002 | |
| Statins |
167,188 (4.9) |
249,822 (4.2) |
0.035 |
155,133 (4.9) |
155,624 (4.9) |
–0.001 |
|
| Propensity score | 0.42 (0.13) | 0.33 (0.14) | 0.662 | 0.406 (0.129) | 0.406 (0.129) | 0.000 | |
*Values are no. (%) except as indicated. ACEI, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor; ARB, angiotensin II receptor blocker; CAD, coronary artery disease; CCI, Charlson Comorbidity Index; CKD, chronic kidney disease; PVD, peripheral vascular disease.
†Dependent persons are those without an income.
‡Urbanization levels in Taiwan are divided into 4 strata according to the Taiwan National Health Research Institute publications. Level 1 designates the most urbanized areas, and level 4 designates the least urbanized areas.
§CCI score is used to determine overall systemic health. Increased CCI scores are indicative of stepwise increases in the cumulative mortality.
1These authors contributed equally to this study.
Page created: May 15, 2020
Page updated: May 15, 2020
Page reviewed: May 15, 2020
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