Skip directly to site content Skip directly to page options Skip directly to A-Z link Skip directly to A-Z link Skip directly to A-Z link
Volume 27, Number 5—May 2021
Dispatch

Introduction of ORF3a-Q57H SARS-CoV-2 Variant Causing Fourth Epidemic Wave of COVID-19, Hong Kong, China

Daniel K.W. Chu1, Kenrie P.Y. Hui1, Haogao Gu, Ronald L.W. Ko, Pavithra Krishnan, Daisy Y.M. Ng, Gigi Y.Z. Liu, Carrie K.C. Wan, Man-Chun Cheung, Ka-Chun Ng, John M. Nicholls, Dominic N.C. Tsang, Malik Peiris, Michael C.W. ChanComments to Author , and Leo L.M. PoonComments to Author 
Author affiliations: The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China (D.K.W. Chu, K.P.Y. Hui, H. Gu, R.L.W. Ko, P. Krishnan, D.Y.M. Ng, G.Y.Z. Liu, C.K.C. Wan, M.-C. Cheung, K.-C. Ng, J.M. Nicholls, M. Peiris, M.C.W. Chan, L.L.M. Poon); Department of Health, Hong Kong (D.N.C. Tsang)

Main Article

Figure 2

Innate immune responses in human airway organs experimentally infected with SARS-CoV-2 viruses from COVID-19 epidemic waves 1, 3, and 4, Hong Kong, China. A) ORF1b; B) IFN-β; C) IFN-λ 1; D) IFN-λ 2/3; E) IP-10; F) ISG15; G) MX1; H) MDA5. Messenger RNA expression of viral genes in human airway air-liquid interface organoids (n = 4; multiplicity of infection = 2) from the apical side at 48 h post infection. Mock samples were not infected. The gene expression of infected cells was first normalized with β-actin and further normalized with ORF1b gene. The gene expression of mock-infected cells was presented after normalization with β-actin. The differences were compared using 1-way ANOVA followed by a Tukey multiple-comparison test. Means and SD error bars are as shown. *p<0.05; **p<0.01; ***p<0.001. COVID-19, coronavirus disease; IFN, interferon; IP-10 interferon gamma-induced protein-10; ISG15, interferon stimulated gene 15; MDA5, melanoma differentiation-associated protein 5; MX1, interferon-induced GTP binding protein 1; ORF, open reading frame; SARS-CoV-2, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2.

Figure 2. Innate immune responses in human airway organs experimentally infected with SARS-CoV-2 viruses from COVID-19 epidemic waves 1, 3, and 4, Hong Kong, China. A) ORF1b; B) IFN-β; C) IFN-λ 1; D) IFN-λ 2/3; E) IP-10; F) ISG15; G) MX1; H) MDA5. Messenger RNA expression of viral genes in human airway air-liquid interface organoids (n = 4; multiplicity of infection = 2) from the apical side at 48 h post infection. Mock samples were not infected. The gene expression of infected cells was first normalized with β-actin and further normalized with ORF1b gene. The gene expression of mock-infected cells was presented after normalization with β-actin. The differences were compared using 1-way ANOVA followed by a Tukey multiple-comparison test. Means and SD error bars are as shown. *p<0.05; **p<0.01; ***p<0.001. COVID-19, coronavirus disease; IFN, interferon; IP-10 interferon gamma-induced protein-10; ISG15, interferon stimulated gene 15; MDA5, melanoma differentiation-associated protein 5; MX1, interferon-induced GTP binding protein 1; ORF, open reading frame; SARS-CoV-2, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2.

Main Article

1These first authors contributed equally to this article.

Page created: February 24, 2021
Page updated: April 22, 2021
Page reviewed: April 22, 2021
The conclusions, findings, and opinions expressed by authors contributing to this journal do not necessarily reflect the official position of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, the Public Health Service, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, or the authors' affiliated institutions. Use of trade names is for identification only and does not imply endorsement by any of the groups named above.
file_external