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Volume 28, Number 1—January 2022
Research

Effect on Antimicrobial Resistance of a Policy Restricting Over-the-Counter Antimicrobial Sales in a Large Metropolitan Area, São Paulo, Brazil

Maria L. Moura, Icaro Boszczowski, Manuela Blaque, Rafael M. Mussarelli, Victor Fossaluza, Ligia C. Pierrotti, Gustavo Campana, Maria C. Brandileone, Rosemeire Zanella, Samanta C.G. Almeida, and Anna S. LevinComments to Author 
Author affiliations: Universidade de São Paulo Hospital das Clínicas, São Paulo, Brazil (M.L. Moura, I. Boszczowski); Universidade de São Paulo Instituto de Matemática e Estatística, São Paulo (M. Blaque, R.M. Mussarelli, V. Fossaluza); Diagnósticos da América Laboratory, São Paulo (L.C. Pierrotti, G. Campana); National Laboratory for Meningitis and Pneumococcal Infections, São Paulo (M.C. Brandileone, R. Zanella, S.C.G. Almeida); Universidade de São Paulo Faculdade de Medicina, São Paulo (A.S. Levin)

Main Article

Figure 4

Descriptive analysis of the association between trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole sales and Streptococcus pneumoniae resistance in the São Paulo metropolitan area, Brazil, before and after a national policy restricting over-the-counter antimicrobial sales began. A) Trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole sales and S. pneumoniae resistance; B) distribution of estimated β-values obtained from dynamic regression model. Estimated β values and 95% CrIs >0 indicate a direct association between sales and resistance that starts after the restriction policy was put in place (light blue shaded areas) addition of free-of-charge PCV10 (light orange shaded areas) to the national immunization program and restriction policy in 2010. CrI, credible interval; DID, defined daily dose/1,000 inhabitant-days; PCV10, 10-valent conjugated pneumococcal vaccine.

Figure 4. Descriptive analysis of the association between trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole sales and Streptococcus pneumoniae resistance in the São Paulo metropolitan area, Brazil, before and after a national policy restricting over-the-counter antimicrobial sales began. A) Trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole sales and S. pneumoniae resistance; B) distribution of estimated β-values obtained from dynamic regression model. Estimated β values and 95% CrIs >0 indicate a direct association between sales and resistance that starts after the restriction policy was put in place (light blue shaded areas) addition of free-of-charge PCV10 (light orange shaded areas) to the national immunization program and restriction policy in 2010. CrI, credible interval; DID, defined daily dose/1,000 inhabitant-days; PCV10, 10-valent conjugated pneumococcal vaccine.

Main Article

Page created: December 01, 2021
Page updated: December 20, 2021
Page reviewed: December 20, 2021
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