Volume 28, Number 9—September 2022
CME ACTIVITY - Research
Increasing Incidence of Invasive Group A Streptococcus Disease, Idaho, USA, 2008–2019
Eileen M. Dunne, Scott Hutton, Erin Peterson, Anna J. Blackstock, Christine G. Hahn, Kathryn Turner, and Kris K. Carter
Table 2
Individual risk factor and multivariable analysis of risk factors comparing invasive group A Streptococcus cases during 2014–2019 with cases from the 2008–2013 baseline period, Idaho, USA
| Variable | Unadjusted odds ratio* (95% CI) | p value | Adjusted odds ratio† (95% CI) | p value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sex | ||||
| F | Referent | |||
| M |
1.4 (0.9–2.2) |
0.16 |
||
| Age group, y | ||||
| 0–17 | 1.2 (0.5–2.8) | 0.71 | 1.3 (0.5–3.3) | 0.63 |
| 18–49 | Referent | Referent | ||
| 50–64 | 1.2 (0.6–2.3) | 0.65 | 1.6 (0.7–3.8) | 0.29 |
| 65–79 | 1.7 (0.9–3.2) | 0.13 | 1.7 (0.8–3.8) | 0.16 |
| ≥80 |
1.1 (0.5–2.1) |
0.90 |
1.1 (0.5–2.6) |
0.84 |
| Ethnicity | ||||
| Non-Hispanic | Referent | |||
| Hispanic |
2.4 (0.5–10.4) |
0.25 |
||
| Residence type | ||||
| Private | Referent | Referent | ||
| Long-term care or nursing facility | 0.7 (0.4–1.4) | 0.37 | 0.7 (0.3–1.5) | 0.33 |
| Correctional facility | 1.2 (0.1–9.7) | 0.90 | 1.9 (0.1–36.7) | 0.67 |
| Homeless |
1.5 (0.2–12.5) |
0.69 |
0.7 (0.1–4.8) |
0.74 |
| Underlying conditions | ||||
| Diabetes | 0.9 (0.5–1.5) | 0.68 | ||
| Heart disease: congestive heart failure or coronary artery disease | 1.3 (0.7–2.3) | 0.46 | ||
| Obesity | 1.3 (0.7–2.4) | 0.49 | 1.2 (0.6–2.5) | 0.58 |
| Chronic kidney disease or failure | 1.6 (0.7–3.6) | 0.30 | ||
| Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease | 0.8 (0.4–1.8) | 0.62 | ||
| Cancer | 2.4 (0.7–7.9) | 0.17 | ||
| Immunosuppression | 2.0 (0.5–8.6) | 0.37 | ||
| Hepatitis C or chronic liver disease | 1.5 (0.4–6.9) | 0.57 | ||
| Other‡ | 2.3 (0.3–18.2) | 0.42 | ||
| Any underlying condition |
0.9 (0.5–1.7) |
0.75 |
||
| Other risk factors | ||||
| Skin injury | 1.0 (0.6–1.7) | 0.97 | ||
| Cigarette smoking | 0.9 (0.5–1.9) | 0.82 | ||
| Alcohol abuse | 0.9 (0.3–2.3) | 0.75 | ||
| Injection drug use | 3.4 (0.2–60.0) | 0.40 | 3.2 (0.2–63.0) | 0.45 |
*Standard logistic regression analysis performed unless otherwise noted. An odds ratio >1 indicates higher odds of being in the 2014–2019 period. †Firth logistic regression used to account for separation attributable to limited sample size and highly predictive risk factors. For multivariable analysis, results for residence type and injection drug use represent total effect and results for age group and obesity represent direct effect. ‡Other underlying conditions include paralysis, neurologic conditions, and developmental delay.
Page created: July 15, 2022
Page updated: August 22, 2022
Page reviewed: August 22, 2022
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