Volume 29, Number 1—January 2023
Research
COVID-19 Booster Dose Vaccination Coverage and Factors Associated with Booster Vaccination among Adults, United States, March 2022
, Anup Srivastav, Kushagra Vashist, Carla L. Black, Jennifer L. Kriss, Mei-Chuan Hung, Lu Meng, Tianyi Zhou, David Yankey, Nina B. Masters, Hannah E. Fast, Hilda Razzaghi, and James A. Singleton
Table 1
COVID-19 booster dose vaccination coverage for fully vaccinated adults (all ages) by demographic, confidence, or behavior characteristics, National Immunization Survey-Adult COVID Module, United States, February 27–March 26, 2022*
| Characteristic | No. | COVID-19 booster dose vaccination coverage, % (95% CI) |
|||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Persons >18 y of age, n = 63,072 | Persons 18–49 y of age, n = 29,084 | Persons 50–64 y of age, n = 17,414 | Persons >65 y of age, n = 15,527 | ||
| Total |
63,072 |
63.4 (62.5‒64.3) |
53.6 (52.3‒54.9) |
66.4 (64.7‒68.1)† |
79.5 (78.0‒80.9)† |
| Sex | |||||
| M‡ | 30,699 | 61.6 (60.3‒62.9) | 50.2 (48.3‒52.0) | 66.2 (63.6‒68.6)† | 81.2 (79.1‒83.1)† |
| F |
31,853 |
64.9 (63.7‒66.1)§ |
56.8 (55.0‒58.6)§ |
66.7 (64.3‒68.9† |
78.2 (76.0‒80.2)†§ |
| Race/ethnicity | |||||
| Non-Hispanic White‡ | 41,878 | 67.7 (66.7‒68.8) | 57.6 (56.0‒59.2) | 70.0 (68.0‒71.8)† | 80.2 (78.4‒81.8)† |
| Non-Hispanic Black | 6,080 | 52.7 (50.2‒55.2)§ | 40.1 (36.6‒43.7)§ | 56.2 (51.6‒60.7)†§ | 73.2 (68.7‒77.3)†§ |
| Hispanic | 7,423 | 55.5 (52.8‒58.1)§ | 47.5 (44.2‒50.9)§ | 63.1 (57.3‒68.5)†§ | 82.6 (76.5‒87.3)§ |
| Non-Hispanic Asian | 2,754 | 74.6 (70.8‒78.1)§ | 72.8 (68.6‒76.7)§ | 77.9 (64.3‒87.4) | 89.6 (81.8‒94.3)†§ |
| Non-Hispanic AI/AN | 723 | 56.6 (47.8‒64.9)§ | 45.2 (32.6‒58.4) | 64.4 (50.9‒75.9)§ | 76.2 (60.7‒86.9)§ |
| Native Hawaiian/Pacific Islander | 296 | 45.4 (30.2‒61.5)§ | 40.5 (24.2‒59.2) | 38.6 (15.3‒68.7)§ | 83.3 (54.3‒95.5)† |
| Non-Hispanic other/multiple races |
2,076 |
54.1 (48.3‒59.9)§ |
46.3 (39.1‒53.7)§ |
53.2 (40.7‒65.4)§ |
83.2 (76.0‒88.6)† |
| Urbanicity | |||||
| MSA, principal city‡ | 22,652 | 6.5 (62.0‒65.0) | 56.2 (54.1‒58.2) | 66.5 (63.2‒ 69.7)† | 79.5 (76.5‒82.2)† |
| MSA, nonprincipal city | 28,757 | 63.9 (62.7‒65.2) | 52.9 (51.0‒54.7)§ | 68.0 (65.7‒70.2)† | 80.4 (78.3‒82.3)† |
| Non-MSA |
11,663 |
60.8 (58.5‒63.0)§ |
46.6 (43.0‒50.2)§ |
60.0 (55.7, 64.2)†§ |
76.7 (73.1‒79.9)† |
| SVI of county of residence¶ | |||||
| Low‡ | 19,979 | 68.2 (66.8‒69.6) | 59.8 (57.6‒61.9) | 70.8 (68.3‒73.3)† | 81.8 (79.3, 84.1)† |
| Moderate | 21,573 | 64.8 (63.3‒ 66.2)§ | 54.8 (52.7‒56.9)§ | 68.4 (65.5‒71.3)† | 80.6 (78.1, 83.0)† |
| High |
15,158 |
59.3 (57.5‒61.2)§ |
49.1 (46.4‒51.7)§ |
62.0 (58.4‒65.5)†§ |
78.2 (75.1, 81.1)† |
| Household income | |||||
| Below poverty‡ | 5,216 | 51.6 (48.2‒54.9) | 43.6 (39.1‒48.2) | 51.9 (45.3‒58.4)† | 69.5 (62.7‒75.6)† |
| Above poverty, <$75k | 19,645 | 59.8 (58.2‒61.4)§ | 46.9 (44.6‒49.2) | 63.3 (59.9‒66.5)†§ | 79.9 (77.6‒82.1)†§ |
| Above poverty, >$75k | 24,821 | 70.4 (69.1‒71.7)§ | 62.9 (60.9‒64.8)§ | 73.5 (71.1‒75.7)†§ | 85.3 (82.8‒87.4)†§ |
| Unknown |
13,390 |
61.5 (59.6‒63.5)§ |
51.5 (48.4‒54.5)§ |
61.6 (57.5‒65.5)†§ |
75.8 (72.5‒78.9)† |
| Education level | |||||
| High school graduate or less‡ | 14,975 | 53.4 (51.6‒55.1) | 39.7 (37.2‒42.3) | 56.4 (53.2‒59.6)† | 73.9 (71.0‒76.6)† |
| Some college | 17,487 | 61.3 (59.6‒62.9)§ | 49.8 (47.5‒52.2)§ | 66.4 (63.2‒69.5)†§ | 78.9 (76.0‒81.5)†§ |
| College graduate |
28,929 |
75.7 (74.6‒76.8)§ |
69.7 (68.0‒71.3)§ |
78.3 (76.0‒80.4)†§ |
87.2 (85.4‒88.9)†§ |
| Health insurance | |||||
| Insured | 57,161 | 65.3 (64.4‒66.2)§ | 55.8 (54.4‒57.1)§ | 67.8 (66.0‒69.5)†§ | 79.9 (78.4‒81.3)†§ |
| Not insured‡ |
4,229 |
41.2 (37.6‒44.9) |
37.2 (33.0‒41.6) |
51.7 (44.3‒59.0)† |
58.1 (39.5‒74.6)† |
| Foreign born status | |||||
| Foreign born | 7,707 | 63.1 (60.6‒65.6) | 55.8 (52.5‒59.1) | 68.5 (63.2‒73.4)† | 81.9 (76.7‒86.0)† |
| US born‡ |
52,546 |
63.9 (62.9‒64.9) |
53.7 (52.2‒55.1) |
66.5 (64.6‒68.3)† |
79.9 (78.3‒81.4)† |
| Frontline and essential workers# | |||||
| Essential healthcare | 6,580 | 67.4 (64.8‒69.9)§ | 62.5 (59.2‒65.6)§ | 72.6 (67.5‒77.1)†§ | 85.4 (77.3‒91.0)†§ |
| School and childcare | 2,321 | 68.2 (63.3‒72.8)§ | 68.3 (62.1‒73.9§ | 66.2 (56.7‒74.5) | 83.8 (73.4‒90.6)† |
| Other frontline worker | 3,870 | 52.2 (48.5‒55.9) | 45.1 (40.4‒49.9) | 64.5 (58.1‒70.3)† | 75.6 (64.9‒83.8)† |
| Other essential worker‡ | 6,228 | 52.0 (49.1‒54.9) | 42.9 (39.3‒46.7) | 64.2 (59.0‒69.1)† | 73.4 (64.1‒81.0)† |
| Persons not essential workers |
43,658 |
65.4 (64.3‒66.4)§ |
54.3 (52.6‒55.9)§ |
66.2 (64.1‒68.3)† |
79.6 (78.0‒81.1)† |
| Disability** | |||||
| Yes (any) | 6,122 | 62.2 (59.4‒64.9) | 43.8 (38.2‒49.5)§ | 56.8 (51.5‒61.9)†§ | 76.1 (72.5‒79.4)†§ |
| No‡ |
56,807 |
63.5 (62.6‒64.5) |
54.2 (52.8‒55.5) |
67.6 (65.8‒69.4)† |
80.3 (78.7‒81.9)† |
| Ever had COVID-19 | |||||
| Yes | 21,202 | 50.9 (49.3‒52.5)§ | 44.8 (42.7‒46.8)§ | 53.2 (50.2‒56.3)†§ | 69.8 (65.9‒73.5)†§ |
| No‡ |
41,058 |
69.5 (68.4‒70.5) |
59.4 (57.7‒61.1) |
72.4 (70.4‒74.4)† |
82.1 (80.5‒83.6)† |
| Received any vaccine that was not a COVID-19 vaccine in the past 2 y | |||||
| Yes | 37,874 | 73.6 (72.6‒74.6)§ | 65.5 (63.8‒67.1)§ | 75.8 (73.8‒77.7)†§ | 83.0 (81.3‒84.6)†§ |
| No‡ |
24,836 |
46.4 (44.9‒48.0) |
39.5 (37.5‒41.5) |
49.2 (46.2‒52.2)† |
68.4 (64.9‒71.8)† |
| Reported medical conditions | |||||
| Yes | 19,165 | 69.9 (68.4‒71.3)§ | 59.4 (56.5‒62.3)§ | 67.9 (65.1‒70.5)† | 80.9 (78.8‒82.8)† |
| No‡ |
43,274 |
60.4 (59.3‒61.5) |
52.2 (50.7‒53.7) |
65.4 (63.2‒67.6)† |
78.7 (76.5‒80.7)† |
| Concerned about getting COVID-19 | |||||
| Not at all/a little‡ | 37,362 | 58.1 (56.9‒59.3) | 49.1 (47.4‒50.7) | 61.8 (59.4‒64.1)† | 75.7 (73.5‒77.8)† |
| Moderately/very |
25,456 |
70.1 (68.8‒71.4)§ |
60.5 (58.4‒62.6)§ |
71.5 (68.9‒74.0)†§ |
83.5 (81.4‒85.3)†§ |
| Thinks COVID-19 vaccine is important | |||||
| Not at all/a little‡ | 10,815 | 22.8 (20.4‒25.3) | 16.9 (14.5‒19.7) | 26.0 (21.2‒31.4)† | 41.7 (33.9‒49.9)† |
| Very/completely |
51,384 |
67.8 (66.9‒68.7)§ |
58.9 (57.5‒60.2)§ |
70.2 (68.5‒71.9)†§ |
82.0 (80.5‒83.4)†§ |
| Thinks COVID-19 vaccine is safe | |||||
| Not at all/somewhat‡ | 17,737 | 39.8 (37.9‒41.7) | 30.5 (28.1‒33.0) | 42.1 (38.6‒45.5)§ | 62.5 (58.3‒66.6)† |
| Very/completely |
42,063 |
71.8 (70.8‒72.7)§ |
62.9 (61.4‒64.3)§ |
75.4 (73.4‒77.2)†§ |
84.3 (82.7‒85.7)†§ |
| Friends and family vaccinated | |||||
| No/some family or friends‡ | 12,740 | 42.5 (40.2‒44.8) | 31.2 (28.1‒34.5) | 47.0 (42.5‒51.6)† | 60.9 (56.1‒65.5)† |
| Many/almost all family or friends |
49,514 |
67.0 (66.0‒67.9)§ |
57.5 (56.1‒58.9)§ |
69.9 (68.0‒71.7)†§ |
82.6 (81.1‒84.0)†§ |
| Difficulty getting a COVID-19 vaccine | |||||
| Very/somewhat‡ | 7,848 | 73.0 (70.7‒75.1) | 62.5 (58.7‒66.2) | 72.6 (68.3‒76.6)† | 88.0 (85.1‒90.4)† |
| A little/not at all | 54,901 | 61.9 (60.9‒62.9)§ | 52.4 (51.0‒53.8)§ | 65.5 (63.6‒67.3)†§ | 77.8 (76.1‒79.4)†§ |
*Values are percentages (95% CIs). Percentages are weighted. AI/AN, non-Hispanic American Indian/Alaska Native; MSA, metropolitan statistical area; SVI, Social Vulnerability Index. †p<0.05 by t-test for comparisons of vaccination coverage within age groups using adults 18–49 y as the reference level. ‡Reference level for comparisons of vaccination coverage within each variable. §p<0.05 by t-test for comparisons of vaccination coverage within each variable with the indicated reference level. ¶Centers for Disease Control and Prevention/Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry SVI uses 15 US census variables to help officials identify communities that might need support before, during, or after disasters. #Essential worker groups were categorized as essential healthcare personnel (including healthcare, social service, and death care workers), school and childcare (including preschool or daycare, K–12 school, and other schools and instructional settings), other frontline (including first response [e.g., police or fire protection], correctional facility, food and beverage store, agriculture, forestry, fishing, or hunting, food manufacturing facility, nonfood manufacturing facility, public transit, and US Postal Service), other essential (including other essential that are not listed above), and not a frontline or essential worker (including those who were not employed). **Defined as an affirmative response to the following survey question: “Do you have serious difficulty seeing, hearing, walking, remembering, making decisions, or communicating?”