Skip directly to site content Skip directly to page options Skip directly to A-Z link Skip directly to A-Z link Skip directly to A-Z link
Volume 29, Number 2—February 2023
Synopsis

Streptococcus dysgalactiae Bloodstream Infections, Norway, 1999–2021

Oddvar OppegaardComments to Author , Marte Glambek, Dag Harald Skutlaberg, Steinar Skrede, Audun Sivertsen, and Bård Reiakvam Kittang
Author affiliations: Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen Norway (O. Oppegaard, M. Glambek, D.H. Skutlaberg, S. Skrede, A. Sivertsen); University of Bergen, Bergen (O. Oppegaard, S. Skrede, B.R. Kittang); Haraldsplass Deaconess Hospital, Bergen (B.R. Kittang)

Main Article

Figure 6

National surveillance data for β-hemolytic streptococcal bloodstream infections in 3 countries: A) Norway, 2004–2020; B) United Kingdom, 2012–2019; C) Finland, 2008–2017. We compiled data from annual surveillance reports published during the given time periods (6,25–27). The 3 countries use different surveillance methods. UK surveillance is based on voluntary reporting from the microbiology laboratories, whereas in Norway and Finland, surveillance data are collected electronically from the laboratories’ information systems. We calculated incidence rates by acquiring contemporary population data from Norway (https://www.ssb.no), the United Kingdom (https://www.ons.gov.uk), and Finland (https://www.stat.fi). We used taxonomic labels that appeared in the original publications, except GCGS, which we constructed for the purpose of this study by combining incidence data for GCS and GGS. GAS, group A Streptococcus; GBS, group B Streptococcus; GCS, group C Streptococcus; GGS, group G Streptococcus; GCGS, group C and G Streptococcus.

Figure 6. National surveillance data for β-hemolytic streptococcal bloodstream infections in 3 countries: A) Norway, 2004–2020; B) United Kingdom, 2012–2019; C) Finland, 2008–2017. We compiled data from annual surveillance reports published during the given time periods (6,2527). The 3 countries use different surveillance methods. UK surveillance is based on voluntary reporting from the microbiology laboratories, whereas in Norway and Finland, surveillance data are collected electronically from the laboratories’ information systems. We calculated incidence rates by acquiring contemporary population data from Norway (https://www.ssb.no), the United Kingdom (https://www.ons.gov.uk), and Finland (https://www.stat.fi). We used taxonomic labels that appeared in the original publications, except GCGS, which we constructed for the purpose of this study by combining incidence data for GCS and GGS. GAS, group A Streptococcus; GBS, group B Streptococcus; GCS, group C Streptococcus; GGS, group G Streptococcus; GCGS, group C and G Streptococcus.

Main Article

References
  1. Oppegaard  O, Mylvaganam  H, Kittang  BR. Beta-haemolytic group A, C and G streptococcal infections in Western Norway: a 15-year retrospective survey. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2015;21:1718. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  2. Rantala  S, Vuopio-Varkila  J, Vuento  R, Huhtala  H, Syrjänen  J. Clinical presentations and epidemiology of β-haemolytic streptococcal bacteraemia: a population-based study. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2009;15:2868. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  3. Wajima  T, Morozumi  M, Hanada  S, Sunaoshi  K, Chiba  N, Iwata  S, et al. Molecular Characterization of Invasive Streptococcus dysgalactiae subsp. equisimilis, Japan. Emerg Infect Dis. 2016;22:24754. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  4. US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Active bacterial core surveillance [cited 2022 Nov 16]. www.cdc.gov/abcs/reports-findings/surv-reports.html
  5. Australian Government, Department of Health and Aged Care. Australian national notifiable diseases case definition [cited 2022 Nov 16]. https://www.health.gov.au/resources/publications/invasive-group-a-streptococcal-disease-igas-surveillance-case-definition
  6. Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare. Infectious diseases in Finland 2017. Helsinki: The Institute; 2017.
  7. Vandamme  P, Pot  B, Falsen  E, Kersters  K, Devriese  LA. Taxonomic study of lancefield streptococcal groups C, G, and L (Streptococcus dysgalactiae) and proposal of S. dysgalactiae subsp. equisimilis subsp. nov. Int J Syst Bacteriol. 1996;46:77481. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  8. Facklam  R. What happened to the streptococci: overview of taxonomic and nomenclature changes. Clin Microbiol Rev. 2002;15:61330. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  9. Bradley  SF, Gordon  JJ, Baumgartner  DD, Marasco  WA, Kauffman  CA. Group C streptococcal bacteremia: analysis of 88 cases. Rev Infect Dis. 1991;13:27080. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  10. Leitner  E, Zollner-Schwetz  I, Zarfel  G, Masoud-Landgraf  L, Gehrer  M, Wagner-Eibel  U, et al. Prevalence of emm types and antimicrobial susceptibility of Streptococcus dysgalactiae subsp. equisimilis in Austria. Int J Med Microbiol. 2015;305:91824. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  11. Lo  HH, Cheng  WS. Distribution of virulence factors and association with emm polymorphism or isolation site among beta-hemolytic group G Streptococcus dysgalactiae subspecies equisimilis. APMIS. 2015;123:4552. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  12. UK Health Security Agency. Laboratory surveillance of pyogenic and non-pyogenic streptococcal bacteraemia in England: 2020 update. Health Protection Report, vol. 15, no. 19. London: The Agency; 2021.
  13. Lother  SA, Demczuk  W, Martin  I, Mulvey  M, Dufault  B, Lagacé-Wiens  P, et al. Clonal clusters and virulence factors of group C and G Streptococcus causing severe infections, Manitoba, Canada, 2012–2014. Emerg Infect Dis. 2017;23:107988. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  14. Ruppen  C, Rasmussen  M, Casanova  C, Sendi  P. A 10-year observational study of Streptococcus dysgalactiae bacteraemia in adults: frequent occurrence among female intravenous drug users. Swiss Med Wkly. 2017;147:w14469.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  15. Rößler  S, Berner  R, Jacobs  E, Toepfner  N. Prevalence and molecular diversity of invasive Streptococcus dysgalactiae and Streptococcus pyogenes in a German tertiary care medical centre. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis. 2018;37:132532. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  16. Kittang  BR, Langeland  N, Mylvaganam  H. Distribution of emm types and subtypes among noninvasive group A, C and G streptococcal isolates in western Norway. APMIS. 2008;116:45764. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  17. Oppegaard  O, Mylvaganam  H, Skrede  S, Lindemann  PC, Kittang  BR. Emergence of a Streptococcus dysgalactiae subspecies equisimilis stG62647-lineage associated with severe clinical manifestations. Sci Rep. 2017;7:7589. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  18. Jordal  S, Glambek  M, Oppegaard  O, Kittang  BR. New tricks from an old cow: infective endocarditis caused by Streptococcus dysgalactiae subsp. dysgalactiae. J Clin Microbiol. 2015;53:7314. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  19. Gajdács  M, Ábrók  M, Lázár  A, Burián  K. Beta-haemolytic group A, C and G streptococcal infections in Southern Hungary: a 10-year population-based retrospective survey (2008–2017) and a review of the literature. Infect Drug Resist. 2020;13:473949. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  20. Lambertsen  LM, Ingels  H, Schønheyder  HC, Hoffmann  S; Danish Streptococcal Surveillance Collaboration Group 2011. Nationwide laboratory-based surveillance of invasive beta-haemolytic streptococci in Denmark from 2005 to 2011. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2014;20:O21623. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  21. Harris  P, Siew  DA, Proud  M, Buettner  P, Norton  R. Bacteraemia caused by beta-haemolytic streptococci in North Queensland: changing trends over a 14-year period. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2011;17:121622. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  22. Couture-Cossette  A, Carignan  A, Mercier  A, Desruisseaux  C, Valiquette  L, Pépin  J. Secular trends in incidence of invasive beta-hemolytic streptococci and efficacy of adjunctive therapy in Quebec, Canada, 1996-2016. PLoS One. 2018;13:e0206289. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  23. Trell  K, Nilson  B, Rasmussen  M. Species and emm-type distribution of group C and G streptococci from different sites of isolation. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis. 2016;86:4679. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  24. Schwartz  IS, Keynan  Y, Gilmour  MW, Dufault  B, Lagacé-Wiens  P. Changing trends in β-hemolytic streptococcal bacteremia in Manitoba, Canada: 2007-2012. Int J Infect Dis. 2014;28:2113. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  25. NORM and NORM-VET. Usage of antimicrobial agents and occurrence of antimicrobial resistance in Norway, 2004–2020 [cited 2022 Nov 16]. https://unn.no/fag-og-forskning/norm-norsk-overvakingssystem-for-antibiotikaresistens-hos-mikrober#rapporter
  26. Public Health England. Laboratory surveillance of pyogenic and non-pyogenic streptococcal bacteraemia in England: 2019 update. Health protection report; vol. 14, no. 24. London: The Agency; 2020.
  27. Public Health England. Voluntary surveillance of pyogenic and non-pyogenic streptococcal bacteraemia 2016: appendix data for England only. Health protection report; vol. 11, no. 41. London: The Agency; 2017.
  28. Jensen  CS, Dam-Nielsen  C, Arpi  M. Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry identification of large colony beta-hemolytic streptococci containing Lancefield groups A, C, and G. Infect Dis (Lond). 2015;47:5759. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  29. Nybakken  EJ, Oppegaard  O, Gilhuus  M, Jensen  CS, Mylvaganam  H. Identification of Streptococcus dysgalactiae using matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry; refining the database for improved identification. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis. 2021;99:115207. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  30. Oppegaard  O, Skrede  S, Mylvaganam  H, Kittang  BR. Temporal trends of β-haemolytic streptococcal osteoarticular infections in western Norway. BMC Infect Dis. 2016;16:535. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  31. Michael-Gayego  A, Dan-Goor  M, Jaffe  J, Hidalgo-Grass  C, Moses  AE. Characterization of sil in invasive group A and G streptococci: antibodies against bacterial pheromone peptide SilCR result in severe infection. Infect Immun. 2013;81:41217. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  32. Bruun  T, Rath  E, Madsen  MB, Oppegaard  O, Nekludov  M, Arnell  P, et al.; INFECT Study Group. Risk factors and predictors of mortality in streptococcal necrotizing soft-tissue infections: a multicenter prospective study. Clin Infect Dis. 2021;72:293300. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  33. Bläckberg  A, Nilson  B, Özenci  V, Olaison  L, Rasmussen  M. Infective endocarditis due to Streptococcus dysgalactiae: clinical presentation and microbiological features. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis. 2018;37:226172. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  34. Steens  A, Knol  MJ, Freudenburg-de Graaf  W, de Melker  HE, van der Ende  A, van Sorge  NM. Pathogen- and type-specific changes in invasive bacterial disease epidemiology during the first year of the COVID-19 pandemic in the Netherlands. Microorganisms. 2022;10:972. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar

Main Article

Page created: December 07, 2022
Page updated: January 21, 2023
Page reviewed: January 21, 2023
The conclusions, findings, and opinions expressed by authors contributing to this journal do not necessarily reflect the official position of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, the Public Health Service, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, or the authors' affiliated institutions. Use of trade names is for identification only and does not imply endorsement by any of the groups named above.
file_external