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Volume 29, Number 5—May 2023
Research

Environmental, Occupational, and Demographic Risk Factors for Clinical Scrub Typhus, Bhutan

Tandin ZangpoComments to Author , Yoenten Phuentshok, Kezang Dorji, Chencho Dorjee, Sithar Dorjee, Peter Jolly, Roger Morris, Nelly Marquetoux, and Joanna McKenzie
Author affiliations: Khesar Gyalpo University of Medical Sciences of Bhutan, Thimphu, Bhutan (T. Zangpo, Y. Phuentshok, K. Dorji, C. Dorjee, S. Dorjee); Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand (T. Zangpo, Y. Phuentshok, K. Dorji, P. Jolly, N. Marquetoux, J. McKenzie); Ministry of Health, Thimphu (T. Zangpo, K. Dorji); World Organisation for Animal Health, Paris, France (Y. Phuentshok); Morvet Ltd, Masterton, New Zealand (R. Morris)

Main Article

Table 4

Significant variables in best-fitting model for conditional multivariable analysis of laboratory-confirmed clinical case-patients who had scrub typhus and unmatched controls, Bhutan, 2015*

Variable† OR (95% CI) p value
Age (order 1 term) NA 0.001
Age (quadratic age) NA 0.007
Female (reference: male) 0.19 (0.05‒0.67) 0.010
Traditional house type‡ (reference: modern) 472.3 (17.28–12,900) <0.001
Shower located outside house (reference: inside) 6.21 (1.28–30) 0.023
Sat or slept on grass (reference: never)
1–10 times 1.81 (0.51–6.5) 0.360
>10 times 16.38 (1.68–160.05) 0.016
Wore footwear outdoors (reference: never)
Sometimes 9.25 (1.09–78.37) 0.041
Always 0.88 (0.12–6.31) 0.898
Herded cattle in the forest (reference: no) 0.06 (0.01–0.52) 0.010
Possessed a goat (reference: no) 36.52 (3.59–371.91) 0.002
Harvested vegetables (reference: no) 0.03 (0.00–0.28) 0.002
Harvested cardamom (reference: no) 1,519.00 (26.23–88,005.98) <0.001

*NA, not applicable; OR, odds ratio. †Exposure variables related to a period of 1 mo before patients’ recruitment at healthcare center. ‡Traditional Bhutanese houses are commonly 2-storied structures made from wood and earthen material, namely wattle and daub interior walls, with stone and earth retaining walls and wooden plank roofing. Modern houses are generally multistoried structures made of concrete materials, such as bricks, cement, and iron rods with minimal use of wooden frames for windows and flooring with zinc sheet roofing.

Main Article

Page created: February 24, 2023
Page updated: April 18, 2023
Page reviewed: April 18, 2023
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