The Vermont Health Care Uniform Reporting and Evaluation System (VHCURES) is an all-payer health insurance claims database managed by the Green Mountain Care Board (Montpelier, Vermont, USA). VHCURES includes insurance claims data from medical, dental, and pharmacy encounters for all Medicare and Medicaid recipients and ≈75% of Vermont residents with commercial insurance. For this retrospective cohort analysis, we used VHCURES to identify all patients who received a primary or secondary diagnosis code of 116.0 (International Classification of Disease [ICD], 9th Edition, Clinical Modification) or B40.X (ICD, 10th Edition, Clinical Modification) for blastomycosis during a 2011–2020 medical encounter. VHCURES excludes personally identifiable information but does provide patient-level information including age, sex, insurance type (Medicare, Medicaid, or commercial), county of residence, and hospitalization status. Race and ethnicity data were unavailable. We identified blastomycosis-attributable deaths from Vermont vital records and calculated incidence rates (cases/100,000 persons) using state- and county-level census estimates.

Figure 1

Figure 1. Numbers of patients with blastomycosis, attributable deaths per year, and annual incidence (cases/100,000 population) in Vermont, USA, 2011–2020. Results are suppressed for years with ≤10 patients, in accordance with the...

We identified 114 patients with blastomycosis diagnosed during 2011–2020, a median of 10.5 (range 6–19 cases) cases/year. Most case-patients were male (67; 59%), and median age at first diagnosis was 55 years (range: 0–89 years) (Table). At the time of first diagnosis, 48 (42%) patients had commercial insurance, 42 (37%) Medicare, and 24 (21%) Medicaid. Mean annual statewide incidence of blastomycosis was 1.8 cases/100,000 persons; incidence among male residents (2.2/100,000 population) was greater than that among female residents (1.5/100,000 population). The highest annual incidence, 3.0/100,000 persons, occurred in 2011, followed by 2019 (2.7/100,000 population) and 2020 (2.5/100,000 population) (Figure 1).

Thirty-four (30%) patients had >1 blastomycosis-associated hospitalization during the study period. Median age of hospitalized patients at time of diagnosis was 56 (range 3–89) years; 20 (59%) were male and 19 (56%) covered by Medicare. Risk for hospitalization was similar between male and female patients (risk ratio 1.00, 95% CI 0.57–1.78). According to vital records data, 4 deaths were attributed to blastomycosis, a mean annual death rate of 0.06/100,000 population. Three deaths were among female patients, at a median age of 59 years.

Figure 2

Figure 2. Geographic distribution of blastomycosis cases by county, Vermont, USA, 2011–2020. Numbers indicate incidence rates (cases/100,000 population) for counties with the highest incidence.

Of Vermont’s 14 counties, 3 counties in north-central Vermont (Lamoille, Orleans, and Washington) had the highest mean annual incidences (Figure 2). Although the populations of those counties represent only 18% of the state population, 49% of all case-patients and 65% of hospitalized patients resided in those counties. Case-patients in those counties were ≈2 times as likely to be hospitalized with blastomycosis as patients residing elsewhere (risk ratio 1.90, 95% CI 1.04–3.46).

Although Vermont has historically not been considered an area with high relative incidence of blastomycosis, an estimated mean annual incidence of 1.8 case-patients/100,00 population suggests otherwise. That incidence is greater than the mean annual incidences during 1987–2017 in 4 of 5 states that mandate reporting of blastomycosis (Arkansas, Louisiana, Michigan, and Minnesota, but not Wisconsin) (2); incidence in Vermont was greater than in all 5 of those states in 2019 (3). Missouri (10), Mississippi (11), and Illinois (12), also located within known endemic areas, reported mean annual incidences of 0.2–1.3/100,000 population for differing intervals during 1979–2018. Although differences in surveillance methods and case definitions among states make direct comparisons difficult, Vermont’s burden of blastomycosis appears comparable to, and perhaps higher than, most states that have published blastomycosis incidences.

Consistent with other published studies, our results demonstrate that blastomycosis was more common in adults and male patients (2,3). We also found that disease incidence and hospitalization rates were greatest in north-central Vermont, a finding supported by clinician reports and at least 1 publication (6). Explanations for regional clustering and high statewide incidence in Vermont are unclear. Outdoor activities, climate, geographic features, and soil characteristics have all been associated with heterogeneity of blastomycosis distribution elsewhere (1,2,4,13). Like hyperendemic regions of Wisconsin, Vermont is rich in acidic spodosol soil (14), which is thought to support Blastomyces spp. growth (2). Although the 3 counties with the highest incidence in Vermont do not share a common waterway, proximity to waterways generally has been associated with disease (1,13). Future studies, including animal, environmental, and ecologic niche models (13), could further characterize these and other risk factors in Vermont.

Among limitations in our study, blastomycosis diagnoses are commonly delayed or missed in clinical practice because of low clinical suspicion and nonspecific diagnostic tests (1), and laboratory-confirmed diagnoses can be missed by ICD-based queries (10). Next, claims data are used primarily for administrative purposes and thus have inherent limitations for public health surveillance, including coding errors and disease misclassification. We might also have undercounted diagnoses among the minority of the Vermont population who did not have claims submitted to VHCURES. Moreover, given inherent complexities in VHCURES data which limit accurate estimations of total annual VHCURES enrollees, we used census estimates of state population for incidence denominators. Those limitations likely resulted in an underestimation of blastomycosis incidence. However, other limitations might have posed some risk of overestimation. We might have included patients who were diagnosed with blastomycosis before 2011 if they had a follow-up encounter associated with the diagnosis during 2011–2020. In addition, we were unable to validate ICD-based diagnoses with external laboratory or clinical data. Our methods possibly captured mild illnesses better than passive surveillance, which is biased toward severe cases (15), which might explain why the hospitalization rate (30%) in our study was lower than rates elsewhere (2–5). Finally, we used county of residence of case-patients to describe geographic distribution of the disease; we could not determine whether fungal exposures were travel-associated.

Our findings, based on the most comprehensive assessment of blastomycosis in Vermont to date, align with a growing body of evidence suggesting that the burden of endemic blastomycosis is greater than commonly appreciated (6–9). These results challenge routine assumptions about the epidemiology and ecology of this disease and reflect a need for future studies. Clinicians should consider blastomycosis in patients with compatible signs and symptoms. Standardized surveillance could also improve our understanding of exposures, risk factors, and clinical outcomes.