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Volume 31, Number 4—April 2025
Research Letter

Yellow Fever Virus in Mosquitoes from Rainforest Bordering Manaus, Brazil, 2022

Victória Bernardi1, Lívia Sacchetto1, Adam Hendy, Nelson F. Fé, Igor Teixeira, Beatriz de C. Marques, Kathryn A. Hanley, Maria P.G. Mourão, Marcus V.G. Lacerda, Nikos VasilakisComments to Author , and Maurício L. NogueiraComments to Author 
Author affiliation: São José do Rio Preto School of Medicine, São José do Rio Preto, Brazil (V. Bernardi, L. Sacchetto, I. Teixeira, B.dC. Marques, M.L. Nogueira); University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA (A. Hendy, N. Vasilakis, M.L. Nogueira); Dr Heitor Vieria Dourado Tropical Medicine Foundation, Manaus, Brazil (N.F. Fé, M.P.G. Mourão, M.V.G. Lacerda); New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, New Mexico, USA (K.A. Hanley); University of the State of Amazonas, Manaus, Brazil (M.V.G. Lacerda)

Main Article

Figure

Vector surveillance at the Adolpho Ducke Forest Reserve as part of a study of yellow fever virus (YFV) in mosquitoes from rainforest bordering Manaus, Brazil, 2022. A) Location of Manaus, the capital of Amazonas state. B) Location of the Adolpho Ducke Forest Reserve bordering the city. Light green dots indicate sites where YFV-positive mosquitoes were collected in Adolpho Ducke Forest Reserve. C) Maximum-likelihood phylogenetic tree of YFV based on complete genome sequences from South America. The tree was reconstructed according to the general time reversible plus empirical base frequencies plus invariable sites plus gamma 4 nucleotide substitution model. We tested the reliability of branching patterns using ultrafast bootstrap approximation combined with a nonparametric approximate likelihood-ratio test in IQ-TREE v.2.0.3 (http://www.iqtree.org) and visualized and edited the tree in FigTree v.1.4.4 (https://github.com/rambaut/figtree). Scale bar indicates branch lengths. SAI, South American I genotype; SAII, South American II genotype; 1A–1E, SAI lineages.

Figure. Vector surveillance at the Adolpho Ducke Forest Reserve as part of a study of yellow fever virus (YFV) in mosquitoes from rainforest bordering Manaus, Brazil, 2022. A) Location of Manaus, the capital of Amazonas state. B) Location of the Adolpho Ducke Forest Reserve bordering the city. Light green dots indicate sites where YFV-positive mosquitoes were collected in Adolpho Ducke Forest Reserve. C) Maximum-likelihood phylogenetic tree of YFV based on complete genome sequences from South America. The tree was reconstructed according to the general time reversible plus empirical base frequencies plus invariable sites plus gamma 4 nucleotide substitution model. We tested the reliability of branching patterns using ultrafast bootstrap approximation combined with a nonparametric approximate likelihood-ratio test in IQ-TREE v.2.0.3 (http://www.iqtree.org) and visualized and edited the tree in FigTree v.1.4.4 (https://github.com/rambaut/figtree). Scale bar indicates branch lengths. SAI, South American I genotype; SAII, South American II genotype; 1A–1E, SAI lineages.

Main Article

1These first authors contributed equally to this article.

Page created: February 28, 2025
Page updated: March 17, 2025
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