Skip directly to site content Skip directly to page options Skip directly to A-Z link Skip directly to A-Z link Skip directly to A-Z link
Volume 31, Number 4—April 2025
Dispatch

Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza A(H5N1) Virus Stability in Irradiated Raw Milk and Wastewater and on Surfaces, United States

Franziska Kaiser1, Santiago Cardenas1, Kwe Claude Yinda, Reshma K. Mukesh, Missiani Ochwoto, Shane Gallogly, Arthur Wickenhagen, Kyle Bibby, Emmie de Wit, Dylan Morris, James O. Lloyd-Smith, and Vincent J. MunsterComments to Author 
Author affiliation: National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Hamilton, Montana, USA (F. Kaiser, K.C. Yinda, R.K. Mukesh, M. Ochwoto, S. Gallogly, A. Wickenhagen, E. de Wit, V.J. Munster); University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA (S. Cardenas, D. Morris, J.O. Lloyd-Smith); University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana, USA (K. Bibby)

Main Article

Figure 1

Results of experimental testing of highly pathogenic avian influenza A(H5N1) virus stability in irradiated raw milk and wastewater, United States. A, B) Virus stability in irradiated raw milk at (A) 4°C and (B) 22°C. C) Virus stability in irradiated wastewater at 22°C (orange). Vertical lines represent random draws from the joint posterior distribution of the exponential decay rate and the initial virus titer, where the intercept of each line is the initial titer and the slope is the negative of the decay rate. Dashed horizontal lines show 100.5 TCID50/mL of medium and represent the approximate detection limit. Individual data points are represented as circles (above limit of detection) or triangles (below limit of detection). TCID50, 50% tissue culture infectious dose.

Figure 1. Results of experimental testing of highly pathogenic avian influenza A(H5N1) virus stability in irradiated raw milk and wastewater, United States. A, B) Virus stability in irradiated raw milk at (A) 4°C and (B) 22°C. C) Virus stability in irradiated wastewater at 22°C (orange). Vertical lines represent random draws from the joint posterior distribution of the exponential decay rate and the initial virus titer, where the intercept of each line is the initial titer and the slope is the negative of the decay rate. Dashed horizontal lines show 100.5 TCID50/mL of medium and represent the approximate detection limit. Individual data points are represented as circles (above limit of detection) or triangles (below limit of detection). TCID50, 50% tissue culture infectious dose.

Main Article

1These first authors contributed equally to this article.

Page created: March 03, 2025
Page updated: March 24, 2025
Page reviewed: March 24, 2025
The conclusions, findings, and opinions expressed by authors contributing to this journal do not necessarily reflect the official position of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, the Public Health Service, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, or the authors' affiliated institutions. Use of trade names is for identification only and does not imply endorsement by any of the groups named above.
file_external