Volume 5, Number 2—April 1999
Research
Rapid Molecular Genetic Subtyping of Serotype M1 Group A Streptococcus Strains
Figure 2
References
- Musser JM, Krause RM. The revival of group A streptococcal diseases, with a commentary on staphylococcal toxic shock syndrome. In: Krause RM, editor. Emerging infections. San Diego: Academic Press; 1998. p. 185-218.
- Martin DR, Single LA. Molecular epidemiology of group A streptococcus M type 1 infections. J Infect Dis. 1993;167:1112–7.PubMedGoogle Scholar
- Musser JM, Hauser JM, Kim MH, Schlievert PM, Nelson K, Selander RK. Streptococcus pyogenes causing toxic-shock-like syndrome and other invasive diseases: clonal diversity and pyrogenic exotoxin expression. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1991;88:2668–72. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
- Norgren M, Norrby A, Holm SE. Genetic diversity in T1M1 group A streptococci in relation to clinical outcome of infection. J Infect Dis. 1992;166:1014–20.PubMedGoogle Scholar
- Musser JM, Kapur V, Szeto J, Pan X, Swanson DS, Martin DR. Genetic diversity and relationships among Streptococcus pyogenes strains expressing serotype M1 protein: recent intercontinental spread of a subclone causing episodes of invasive disease. Infect Immun. 1995;63:994–1003.PubMedGoogle Scholar
- Akesson P, Sjoholm AG, Bjorck L. Protein SIC, a novel extracellular protein of Streptococcus pyogenes interfering with complement function. J Biol Chem. 1996;271:1081–8. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
- Perea Mejia LM, Stockbauer KE, Pan X, Cravioto A, Musser JM. Characterization of group A Streptococcus strains recovered from Mexican children with pharyngitis by automated DNA sequencing of virulence-related genes: unexpectedly large variation in the gene (sic) encoding a complement inhibiting protein. J Clin Microbiol. 1997;35:3220–4.PubMedGoogle Scholar
- Stockbauer KE, Grigsby D, Pan X, Fu Y-X, Perea Mejia LM, Cravioto A, Hypervariability generated by natural selection in an extracellular complement-inhibiting protein of serotype M1 strains of group A Streptococcus. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1998;95:3128–33. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
- Granlund M, Oberg L, Sellin M, Norgren M. Identification of a novel insertion element, IS1548, in group B streptococci, predominantly in strains causing endocarditis. J Infect Dis. 1998;177:967–76.PubMedGoogle Scholar
- Berge A, Rasmussen M, Bjorck L. Identification of an insertion sequence located in a region encoding virulence factors of Streptococcus pyogenes. Infect Immun. 1998;66:3449–53.PubMedGoogle Scholar
- Whatmore AM, Kapur V, Sullivan DJ, Musser JM, Kehoe MA. Non-congruent relationships between variation in emm gene sequences and the population genetic structure of group A streptococci. Mol Microbiol. 1994;14:619–31. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
- Harbaugh MP, Podbielski A, Hugl S, Cleary PP. Nucleotide substitutions and small-scale insertion produce size and antigenic variation in group A streptococcal M1 protein. Mol Microbiol. 1993;8:981–91. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
- Johnson LP, Schlievert PM. Group A streptococcal phage T12 carries the structural gene for pyrogenic exotoxin type A. Mol Gen Genet. 1984;194:52–6. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
- Musser JM, Kapur V, Kanjilal S, Shah U, Musher DM, Barg NL, Geographic and temporal distribution and molecular characterization of two highly pathogenic clones of Streptococcus pyogenes expressing allelic variants of pyrogenic exotoxin A (scarlet fever toxin). J Infect Dis. 1993;167:337–46.PubMedGoogle Scholar
- Alland D, Kalkut GE, Moss AR, McAdam RA, Hahn JA, Bosworth W, Transmission of tuberculosis in New York City. An analysis by DNA fingerprinting and conventional epidemiologic methods. N Engl J Med. 1994;330:1710–6. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
- van der Zee A, Mooi F, van Embden J, Musser J. Molecular evolution and host adaptation in Bordetella spp.: phylogenetic analysis using multilocus enzyme electrophoresis and typing with three insertion sequences. J Bacteriol. 1997;179:6609–17.PubMedGoogle Scholar
- Robinson DA, Hollingshead SK, Musser JM, Parkinson AJ, Briles DE, Crain MJ. The IS1167 insertion sequence is a phylogenetically informative marker among isolates of serotype 6B Streptococcus pneumoniae. J Mol Evol. 1998;47:222–9. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
- Lawrence JG, Dykhuizen DE, DuBose RF, Hartl DL. Phylogenetic analysis using insertion sequence fingerprinting in Escherichia coli. Mol Biol Evol. 1989;6:1–14.PubMedGoogle Scholar
- Stanley J, Jones CS, Threlfall EJ. Evolutionary lines among Salmonella enteritidis phage types are identified by insertion sequence IS200 distribution. FEMS Microbiol Lett. 1991;66:83–9. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
- Suvorov A, Ferretti J. Physical and genetic chromosomal map of an M type 1 strain of Streptococcus pyogenes. J Bacteriol. 1996;178:5546–9.PubMedGoogle Scholar
- Groenen PMA, Bunschoten AE, van Soolingen D, van Embden JDA. Nature of DNA polymorphism in the direct repeat cluster of Mycobacterium tuberculosis; application for strain differentiation by a novel typing method. Mol Microbiol. 1993;10:1057–65. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
- Kamerbeek J, Schouls L, Kolk A, van Agterveld M, van Soolingen D, Kuijper S, Simultaneous detection and strain differentiation of Mycobacterium tuberculosis for diagnosis and epidemiology. J Clin Microbiol. 1997;35:907–14.PubMedGoogle Scholar
- Sreevatsan S, Pan X, Stockbauer KE, Connell ND, Kreiswirth BN, Whittam TS, Restricted structural gene polymorphism in the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex indicates evolutionarily recent global dissemination. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1997;94:9869–74. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
- Musser JM, Kapur V, Peters JE, Hendrix CW, Drehner D, Gackstetter GD, Real-time molecular epidemiologic analysis of an outbreak of Streptococcus pyogenes invasive disease in US Air Force trainees. Arch Pathol Lab Med. 1994;118:128–33.PubMedGoogle Scholar
- Yeh RW, Ponce de Leon A, Agasino CB, Hahn JA, Daley CL, Hopewell PC, Stability of Mycobacterium tuberculosis DNA genotypes. J Infect Dis. 1998;177:1107–11. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
- Musser JM, Gray BM, Schlievert PM, Pichichero ME. Streptococcus pyogenes pharyngitis: characterization of strains by multilocus enzyme genotype, M and T protein serotype, and pyrogenic exotoxin gene probing. J Clin Microbiol. 1992;30:600–3.PubMedGoogle Scholar
- LaPenta D, Rubens C, Chi E, Cleary PP. Group A streptococci efficiently invade human respiratory epithelial cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1994;91:12115–9. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
- Cleary PP, McLandsborough L, Ikeda L, Cue D, Krawczak J, Lam H. High-frequency intracellular infection and erythrogenic toxin A expression undergo phase variation in M1 group A streptococci. Mol Microbiol. 1998;28:157–67. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
- Muotiala A, Seppala H, Huovinen P, Vuopio-Varkila J. Molecular comparison of group A streptococci of T1M1 serotype from invasive and noninvasive infections in Finland. J Infect Dis. 1997;175:392–9.PubMedGoogle Scholar
- Davies DD, McGeer A, Schwartz B, Green K, Cann D, Simor AE, Invasive group A streptococcal infections in Ontario, Canada. N Engl J Med. 1996;335:547–53. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
- Zurawski CA, Bardsley MS, Beall B, Elliott JA, Facklam R, Schwartz B, Invasive group A streptococcal disease in metropolitan Atlanta: a population-based assessment. Clin Infect Dis. 1998;27:150–7. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
- Hughes MK, Hughes AL. Natural selection on Plasmodium surface proteins. Mol Biochem Parasitol. 1995;71:99–113. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
Page created: December 10, 2010
Page updated: December 10, 2010
Page reviewed: December 10, 2010
The conclusions, findings, and opinions expressed by authors contributing to this journal do not necessarily reflect the official position of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, the Public Health Service, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, or the authors' affiliated institutions. Use of trade names is for identification only and does not imply endorsement by any of the groups named above.