Skip directly to site content Skip directly to page options Skip directly to A-Z link Skip directly to A-Z link Skip directly to A-Z link

Volume 7, Number 6—December 2001

Synopsis

Trichomonas vaginalis, HIV, and African-Americans

Frank J. Sorvillo*Comments to Author , Lisa Smith*, Peter Kerndt†, and Lawrence Ash*
Author affiliations: *University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California;; †Department of Health Services, Los Angeles County, Los Angeles, California

Main Article

Table 2

Prevalence of Trichomonas vaginalis among women, by race, United States

City (ref) Overall Trichomonas prevalence (%) Trichomonas prevalence in blacks Trichomonas prevalence in non-blacks ORa
New York (18) 47 51 35 1.6
San Francisco (29) 11 28 9 3.7
5 cities (27) 13 23 6 4.4
Philadelphia (35) 16 30 11 3.6
New York (22) 27 population 92% black
New York (25) 20 population 83% black
Baltimore (24) 26 population 96% black
New York (23) 20 population 90% black
Baltimore (26) 25 population 100% black
Birmingham (28) 21 population 89% black
Providence (32) 3 population 87% black

a Estimated odds ratio.

Main Article

References
  1. Cates  W Jr. Estimates of the incidence and prevalence of sexually transmitted diseases in the United States. American Social Health Association Panel. Sex Transm Dis. 1999;26(Suppl):S2–7. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  2. Wolner-Hanssen  P, Krieger  J, Stevens  CE, Kiviat  NB, Koutsky  L, Critchlow  C, Clinical manifestations of vaginal trichomoniasis. JAMA. 1989;261:571–6. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  3. Cotch  MF, Pastorek  JG II, Nugent  RP, Hillier  SL, Gibbs  RS, Martin  DH, associated with low birth weight and preterm delivery. The Vaginal Infections and Prematurity Study Group. Sex Transm Dis. 1997;24:353–60. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  4. Laga  M, Manoka  A, Kivuvu  M, Malele  B, Tuliza  M, Nzila  N, Non-ulcerative sexually transmitted diseases as risk factors for HIV-1 transmission in women: results from a cohort study. AIDS. 1993;7:95–102. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  5. Sardana  S, Sodhani  P, Agarwal  SS, Sehgal  A, Roy  M, Singh  V, Epidemiologic analysis of Trichomonas vaginalis infection in inflammatory smears. Acta Cytol. 1994;38:693–7.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  6. Kiviat  NB, Paavonen  JA, Brockway  J, Critchlow  C, Brunham  RC, Stevens  CE, Cytologic manifestations of cervical and vaginal infections. 1. Epithelial and inflammatory cellular changes. JAMA. 1985;253:989–96. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  7. Levine  WC, Pope  V, Bhoomkar  A, Tambe  P, Lewis  JS, Zaidi  AA, Increase in endocervical CD4 lymphocytes among women with nonulcerative sexually transmitted diseases. J Infect Dis. 1998;177:167–74. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  8. Fouts  AC, Kraus  SJ. Trichomonas vaginalis: reevaluation of its clinical presentation and laboratory diagnosis. J Infect Dis. 1980;141:137–43.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  9. Kreiss  J, Willerford  DM, Hensel  M, Emonhy  W, Plummer  F, Ndinya-Achola  J, Association between cervical inflammation and cervical shedding of human immunodeficiency virus DNA. J Infect Dis. 1994;170:1597–601.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  10. Hobbs  MM, Kzembe  P, Reed  AW, Miller  WC, Nkata  E, Zimba  D, as a cause of urethritis in Malawian men. Sex Transm Dis. 1999;26:381–7. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  11. Draper  D, Donohoe  W, Mortimer  L, Heine  RP. Cysteine proteases of Trichomonas vaginalis degrade secretory leukocyte protease inhibitor. J Infect Dis. 1998;178:815–9. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  12. Wilkinson  D, Abdool Karim  SS, Harrison  A, Lurie  M, Colvin  M, Connolly  C, Unrecognized sexually transmitted infections in rural South African women: a hidden epidemic. Bull World Health Organ. 1999;77:22–8.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  13. Ghys  PD, Diallo  MO, Ettiegne-Traore  V, Yeboue  KM, Gnaore  E, Lorougnon  F, Genital ulcers associated with human immunodeficiency virus-related immunosuppression in female sex workers in Abidjan, Ivory Coast. J Infect Dis. 1995;172:1371–4.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  14. ter Muelen  J, Mgaya  HN, Chang-Claude  J, Luande  J, Mtiro  H, Mhina  M, Risk factors for HIV infection in gynaecological inpatients in Dar Es Salaam Tanzania, 1988-1990. East Afr Med J. 1992;69:688–92.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  15. Wiese  W, Patel  SR, Patel  SC, Ohl  CA, Estrada  CA. A meta-analysis of the Papanicolaou smear and wet mount for the diagnosis of vaginal trichomoniasis. Am J Med. 2000;108:301–8. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  16. Madico  G, Quinn  TC, Rompalo  A, McKee  KT Jr, Gaydos  CA. Diagnosis of Trichomonas vaginalis infection by PCR using vaginal swab samples. J Clin Microbiol. 1998;36:3205–10.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  17. van Der Schee  C, van Belkum  A, Zwijgers  L, van Der Brugge  E, O'Neil  EL, Luijendijk  A, Improved diagnosis of Trichomonas vaginalis infection by PCR using vaginal swabs and urine specimens compared to diagnosis by wet mount microscopy, culture, and fluorescent staining. J Clin Microbiol. 1999;37:4127–30.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  18. Shuter  J, Bell  D, Graham  D, Holbrook  KA, Bellin  EY. Rates of and risk factors for trichomoniasis among pregnant inmates in New York City. Sex Transm Dis. 1998;25:303–7. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  19. Bersoff-Matcha  SJ, Horgan  MM, Farser  VJ, Mundy  LM, Stoner  BP. Sexually transmitted disease acquisition among women infected with human immunodeficiency virus type 1. J Infect Dis. 1998;178:1174–7. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  20. Cu-Uvin  S, Hogan  JW, Warren  D, Klein  RS, Peipert  J, Schuman  P, Prevalence of lower genital tract infections among human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)–seropositive and high-risk HIV-seronegative women. Clin Infect Dis. 1999;29:1145–50. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  21. Bunnell  RE, Dahlberg  L, Rolfs  R, Ransom  R, Gershman  K, Farshy  C, High prevalence and incidence of sexually transmitted diseases in urban adolescent females despite moderate risk behaviors. J Infect Dis. 1999;180:1624–31. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  22. DeHovitz  JA, Kelly  P, Feldman  J, Sierra  MF, Clarke  L, Bromberg  J, Sexually transmitted diseases, sexual behavior, and cocaine use in inner-city women. Am J Epidemiol. 1994;140:1125–34.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  23. Fleisher  JM, Senie  RT, Minkoff  H, Jaccard  J. Condom use relative to knowledge of sexually transmitted disease prevention, method of birth control, and past or present infection. J Community Health. 1994;19:395–407. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  24. Pabst  KM, Reichart  CA, Knud-Hansen  CR, Wasserheit  JN, Quinn  TC, Shah  K, Disease prevalence among women attending a sexually transmitted disease clinic varies with reason for visit. Sex Transm Dis. 1992;19:88–91.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  25. Wilson  TE, Minkoff  H, McCalla  S, Petterkin  C, Jaccard  J. The relationship between pregnancy and sexual risk taking. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1996;174:1033–6. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  26. Miller  JM, Chambers  DC, Miller  JM. Infection with Trichomonas vaginalis in a black population. J Natl Med Assoc. 1989;81:701–2.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  27. Cotch  MF, Pastorek  JG II, Nugent  RP, Yerg  DE, Martin  DH, Eschenbach  DA. Demographic and behavioral predictors of Trichomonas vaginalis infection among pregnant women. Obstet Gynecol. 1991;78:1087–92.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  28. Barbone  F, Austin  H, Louv  WC, Alexander  WJ. A follow-up study of methods of contraception, sexual activity, and rates of trichomoniasis, candidiasis, and bacterial vaginosis. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1990;163:510–4.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  29. Shafer  MA, Sweet  RL, Ohm-Smith  MJ, Shalwitz  J, Beck  A, Schacter  J. Microbiology of lower genital tract in postmenarchal adolescent girls: Differences by sexual activity, contraception, and presence of nonspecific vaginitis. J Pediatr. 1985;107:974–81. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  30. Hardy  PH, Hardy  JB, Nell  EE, Graham  DA, Spence  MR, Rosenbaum  RC. Prevalence of six sexually transmitted disease agents among pregnant inner-city adolescents and pregnancy outcome. Lancet. 1984;2:333–7. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  31. Bell  TA, Farrow  JA, Stamm  WE, Critchlow  CW, Holmes  KK. Sexually transmitted diseases in females in a juvenile detention center. Sex Transm Dis. 1985;12:140–4. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  32. McCormack  WM, Evrard  JR, Laughlin  CF, Rosner  B, Alpert  S, Crockett  VA, Sexually transmitted conditions among women college students. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1981;139:130–3.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  33. Osborne  NG, Grubin  L, Pratson  L. Vaginitis in sexually active women: Relationship to nine sexually transmitted organisms. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1982;142:962–7.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  34. Ris  HW, Dodge  RW. Trichomonas and yeast vaginitis in institutionalized adolescent girls. Wis Med J. 1973;72:150.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  35. Ipsen  J, Feigl  P. A biomathematical model for prevalence of Trichomonas vaginalis. Am J Epidemiol. 1970;91:175–84.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  36. Rosenberg  MJ, Davidson  AJ, Chen  J-H, Judson  FN, Douglas  JM. Barrier contraceptives and sexually transmitted diseases in women: a comparison of female-dependent methods and condoms. Am J Public Health. 1992;82:669–74. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  37. Wilson  TE, Minkoff  H, DeHovitz  J, Feldman  J, Landesman  S. The relationship of cocaine use and human immunodeficiency virus serostatus to incident sexually transmitted diseases among women. Sex Transm Dis. 1998;25:70–5. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  38. Sorvillo  FJ, Kovacs  A, Kerndt  P, Stek  A, Muderspach  L, Sanchez-Keeland  L. Risk factors for trichomoniasis among women with HIV infection at a public clinic in Los Angeles County; Implications for HIV prevention. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 1998;58:495–500.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  39. Niccolai  LM, Kopicko  JJ, Kassie  A, Petros  H, Clark  RA, Kissinger  P. Incidence and predictors of reinfection with Trichomonas vaginalis in HIV-infected women. Sex Transm Dis. 2000;27:284–8. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  40. Krieger  JN, Verdon  M, Siegel  N, Critchlow  C, Holmes  KK. Risk assessment and laboratory diagnosis of trichomoniasis in men. J Infect Dis. 1992;166:1362–6.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  41. Borchardt  KA, Al-Haraci  S, Maida  N. Prevalence of Trichomonas vaginalis in a male sexually transmitted disease clinic population by interview, wet mount microscopy, and the InPouch TV test. Genitourin Med. 1995;71:405–6.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  42. Joyner  JL, Douglas  JM Jr, Ragsdale  S, Foster  M, Judson  FN. Comparative prevalence of infection with Trichomonas vaginalis among men attending a sexually transmitted disease clinic. Sex Transm Dis. 2000;27:236–40. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  43. Saxena  SB, Jenkens  RR. Prevalence of Trichomonas vaginalis in men at high risk for sexually transmitted diseases. Sex Transm Dis. 1991;18:138–42. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  44. Grady  WR, Tanfer  K. Condom breakage and slippage among men in the United States. Fam Plann Perspect. 1994;26:107–12. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  45. Stewart  DL, DeForge  BR, Hartmann  P, Kaminski  M, Pecukonia  E. Attitudes toward condom use and AIDS among patients from an urban family planning practice center. J Natl Med Assoc. 1991;83:772–6.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  46. Aral  SO, Mosher  WD, Cates  W. Vaginal douching among women of reproductive age in the United States: 1988. Am J Public Health. 1992;82:210–4. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  47. Scholes  D, Stergachis  A, Ichikawa  LE, Heidrich  FE, Holmes  KK, Stamm  WE. Vaginal douching as a risk factor for cervical Chlamydia trachomatis infection. Obstet Gynecol. 1998;91:993–7. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  48. Bennett  C. The black population in the United States: March 1992. Current Population Reports. Washington: US Bureau of Census; 1993. Pub. no. P20-471. p. 5.
  49. Aral  SO, Holmes  KK. Epidemiology of sexual behaviour and sexually transmitted disease. In: Sexually transmitted diseases. 2nd edition. New York: McGraw-Hill Inc; 1989.
  50. Grosskurth  H, Mosha  F, Todd  J. Impact of improved treatment of sexually transmitted diseases on HIV infection in rural Tanzania: randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 1995;346:530–6. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  51. Wasserheit  JN. Epidemiological synergy, interrelationships between human immunodeficiency virus infection and other sexually transmitted diseases. Sex Transm Dis. 1992;19:61–77. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  52. Schwebke  JR, Morgan  SC, Pinson  GB. Validity of self-obtained vaginal specimens for diagnosis of trichomoniasis. J Clin Microbiol. 1997;35:1618–9.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  53. Mayta  H, Gilman  RH, Calderon  MM, Gottlieb  A, Soto  G, Tuero  I, 18S ribosomal DNA-based PCR for diagnosis of Trichomonas vaginalis. J Clin Microbiol. 2000;38:2683–7.PubMedGoogle Scholar

Main Article

Page created: December 09, 2010
Page updated: December 09, 2010
Page reviewed: December 09, 2010
The conclusions, findings, and opinions expressed by authors contributing to this journal do not necessarily reflect the official position of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, the Public Health Service, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, or the authors' affiliated institutions. Use of trade names is for identification only and does not imply endorsement by any of the groups named above.
file_external