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Volume 10, Number 4—April 2004
Research

Maternal Malaria and Perinatal HIV Transmission, Western Kenya1,2

John G. Ayisi*†, Anna M. van Eijk*†, Robert D. Newman‡Comments to Author , Feiko O. ter Kuile*†‡, Ya Ping Shi*‡, Chunfu Yang‡, Margarette S. Kolczak‡, Juliana A. Otieno§, Ambrose O. Misore§, Piet A. Kager†, Renu B. Lal‡, Richard W. Steketee‡, and Bernard L. Nahlen‡¶
Author affiliations: *Centre for Vector Biology and Control Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Kisumu, Kenya; †University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; ‡Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA; §Ministry of Health, Kisumu, Kenya; ¶World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland

Main Article

Table 3

Multivariate analysis of risk factors for perinatal HIV transmission, western Kenya, 1996–2001

Adjusted relative risks (ARR) for perinatal HIV transmissiona
All womenb, N = 454
 Placental malaria–negative, n = 348
 Placental malaria–positiveb, n = 107
ARR (95% CI) p ARR (95% CI) p ARR (95% CI) p
Log10 viral load
 1.8 (1.6 to 2.1)
 <0.001
 1.7 (1.4 to 2.0)
 <0.001
 3.5 (2.5 to 4.8)
 <0.001
Episiotomy or perineal tear
 1.6 (1.2 to 2.1)
 0.004
 –
4.8 (2.3 to 9.7)
 <0.001
Low birth weight
 –
1.9 (1.1 to 3.2)
 0.03
 –
Gravidity <3 versus >3
 –
1.8 (1.2 to 2.8)
 0.003
 –
Placental malaria status
Negative
 Referencec
N/A
<10,000 parasites/μL
 0.4 (0.2 to 0.6)b
 <0.001
 N/A
Reference
>10,000 parasites/μL 0.7 (0.3 to 21.5)b NS N/A 2.0 (1.1 to 3.9) 0.04

a–, factor was not retained in the final model; CI, confidence interval; N/A, not applicable; NS, not significant.
bA significant interaction was found between viral load and placental malaria density (p = 0.02) in these analyses. The effect of this interaction on the relative risk for placental malaria is shown in Figures 1 and 2. All relative risks given in this table do not include this interaction but give a weighted average of the placental malaria effect at various levels of viral load.
cAn alternative model, in which placental malaria was fit as a binary variable (positive or negative), showed that placental malaria was protective for perinatal HIV transmission (relative risk 0.4, 95% CI 0.3 to 0.7, p < 0.001). In that model, log10 viral load and episiotomy or perineal tear remain independent risk factors.

Main Article

1This work was presented in part at the Epidemic Intelligence Service Conference, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, April 2001, Atlanta, GA.

2Use of trade names is for identification only and does not imply endorsement by the Kenya Medical Research Institute or The Ministry of Health, Kenya, or by the Public Health Service, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services.

Page created: February 09, 2011
Page updated: February 09, 2011
Page reviewed: February 09, 2011
The conclusions, findings, and opinions expressed by authors contributing to this journal do not necessarily reflect the official position of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, the Public Health Service, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, or the authors' affiliated institutions. Use of trade names is for identification only and does not imply endorsement by any of the groups named above.
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