Volume 10, Number 6—June 2004
Research
Quinolone-resistant Campylobacter Infections in Denmark: Risk Factors and Clinical Consequences1
Jørgen Engberg*†
, Jakob Neimann‡, Eva Møller Nielsen§2, Frank Møller Aarestrup§, and Vivian Fussing*3
, Jakob Neimann‡, Eva Møller Nielsen§2, Frank Møller Aarestrup§, and Vivian Fussing*3
Table 3
Risk factors for infection with quinolone-resistant Campylobacter jejuni as compared with those for quinolone-sensitive C. jejunia
| Exposures | Patients with resistant isolates (n = 42) |
Patients with sensitive isolates (n = 84) |
Univariate analysis |
Multivariate analysis |
||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| mOR |
95% CI |
p value |
mOR |
95% CI |
p value |
|||||
| No | (%) | No | (%) | – | – | – | – | |||
| Travel abroad within last 7 days |
30 |
(71.4) |
12 |
(14.3) |
12.12 |
4.23 to 34.73 |
<0.0001 |
16.81 |
3.44 to 82.20 |
0.001 |
| Fluoroquinolone treatment after illness onset but before stool sample or 4 weeks before symptom onset |
8 |
(19.1) |
5 |
(6.0) |
4.44 |
1.15 to 17.09 |
0.031 |
– |
– |
– |
| Beef (not cold cuts) |
27 |
(64.3) |
73 |
(86.9) |
0.31 |
0.13 to 0.73 |
0.008 |
– |
– |
– |
| Fresh chicken |
14 |
(33.3) |
58 |
(69.6) |
0.17 |
0.06 to 0.45 |
0.0004 |
0.04 |
0.004 to 0.39 |
0.005 |
| Fresh poultry other than chicken and turkey |
7 |
(16.7) |
7 |
(8.3) |
2.40 |
0.73 to 7.86 |
0.148 |
19.10 |
2.18 to 167.30 |
0.008 |
| Sausages |
8 |
(19.1) |
33 |
(39.3) |
0.32 |
0.12 to 0.88 |
0.027 |
– |
– |
– |
| Handling of raw meat |
9 |
(21.4) |
43 |
(51.2) |
0.14 |
0.04 to 0.48 |
0.002 |
– |
– |
– |
| Public water supply |
19 |
(45.2) |
66 |
(78.6) |
0.17 |
0.06 to 0.46 |
0.001 |
– |
– |
– |
| Swimming (pool, ocean, lake, or other places) |
20 |
(47.6) |
16 |
(19.1) |
3.22 |
1.48 to 7.00 |
0.003 |
5.01 |
1.14 to 21.99 |
0.033 |
| Animal contact | 14 | (33.3) | 45 | (53.6) | 0.44 | 0.20 to 0.94 | 0.032 | – | – | – |
aMatched odds ratio–univariate and multivariate analysis. mOR, matched odds ratio; CI, confidence interval.
1This study was presented in part at the 12th International Workshop on Campylobacter, Helicobacter and Related Organisms, September 6–10, 2003, Aarhus, Denmark.
2Current affiliation is Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark.
3Current affiliation is Danish Toxicology Centre, Hørsholm, Denmark.
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