Skip directly to site content Skip directly to page options Skip directly to A-Z link Skip directly to A-Z link Skip directly to A-Z link
Volume 11, Number 2—February 2005
Historical Review

Surveillance and Control Measures after Smallpox Outbreaks

Emma Kerrod*Comments to Author , Alasdair M. Geddes†, Martyn Regan, and Steve Leach*
Author affiliations: *Center for Emergency Preparedness and Response, Porton Down, Salisbury, Wiltshire, United Kingdom; †University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, United Kingdom

Main Article

Figure 3

Spatial-temporal distribution of incidence of smallpox during outbreak, by district, Liverpool, 1902–1903 (7). *Incidence of smallpox per district (per 100,000) calculated as number of cases per district ÷ by district population x 100,000. New cases per district were counted from their locations given on the 4 maps in the original report for each of the periods above. District populations were tabulated separately (7).

Figure 3. Spatial-temporal distribution of incidence of smallpox during outbreak, by district, Liverpool, 1902–1903 (7). *Incidence of smallpox per district (per 100,000) calculated as number of cases per district ÷ by district population x 100,000. New cases per district were counted from their locations given on the 4 maps in the original report for each of the periods above. District populations were tabulated separately (7).

Main Article

References
  1. Ferguson  NM, Keeling  MJ, Edmunds  WJ, Gani  R, Grenfell  BT, Anderson  RM, Planning for smallpox outbreaks. Nature. 2003;425:681–5. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  2. Eichner  M. Analysis of historical data suggests long-lasting protective effects of smallpox vaccination. Am J Epidemiol. 2003;158:717–23. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  3. Eichner  M, Dietz  K. Transmission potential of smallpox: estimates based on detailed data from an outbreak. Am J Epidemiol. 2003;158:110–7. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  4. Gani  R, Leach  S. Transmission potential of smallpox in contemporary populations. Nature. 2001;414:748–51. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  5. Meltzer  MI, Damon  I, LeDuc  JW, Millar  JD. Modeling potential responses to smallpox as a bioterrorist weapon. Emerg Infect Dis. 2001;7:959–69. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  6. Hammarlund  E, Lewis  MW, Hansen  SG, Strelow  LI, Nelson  JA, Sexton  GJ, Duration of antiviral immunity after smallpox vaccination. Nat Med. 2003;9:1131–7. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  7. Hope  EW. Report on the health of the City of Liverpool during 1903. Liverpool: C. Tinling & Co.; 1904.
  8. Clark  G, Seiter  HE, Joe  A, Gammie  JL, Tait  HP, Jack  RP. The Edinburgh outbreak of smallpox, 1942. Authority of the Public Health Committee; 1944.
  9. Reece  RJ. Report to the local government on smallpox and smallpox hospitals at Liverpool, 1902–03. London: HMSO.
  10. Hanna  W. Studies in smallpox and vaccination. Rev Med Virol. 1913;2002:201–9.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  11. Annual report for the health of the city during 1942. Edinburgh: Medical Officer of Health, City and Royal Burgh of Edinburgh Public Health Department; 1942.
  12. MacGregor  A. The outbreak of smallpox in Glasgow 1942. BMJ. 1942;2:627–9. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  13. Dixon  CW. Smallpox. London: J & A Churchill Ltd.; 1962.
  14. Fyfe  GM, Fleming  JB. Encephalomyelitis following vaccination in Fife. BMJ. 1943;ii:671–4. DOIGoogle Scholar
  15. Rao  AR. Smallpox, Bombay. Bombay, India: The Kothari Book Depot; 1972.
  16. Mack  TM. Smallpox in Europe, 1950–71. J Infect Dis. 1972;125:161–9. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  17. Fenner  F, Henderson  DA, Arita  I, Ježek  Z, Ladnyi  ID. Smallpox and its eradication. Geneva: World Health Organization; 1988.
  18. Conybeare  ET. Illness attributed to smallpox vaccination during 1951–60. Mon Bull Minist Health Public Health Lab Serv. 1964a;23:126–33.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  19. Baxby  D. Surveillance-containment is key to eradication of smallpox. BMJ. 1995;310:62.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  20. Thomas  DB, Mack  TM, Ali  A, Muzaffer Khan  M. Epidemiology of smallpox in West Pakistan. 3. Outbreak detection and interlocality transmission. Am J Epidemiol. 1972;95:178–89.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  21. James Britton. Eczema facts & figures–how common is eczema and what are the costs? [cited September 2004]. Available from http://www.dermatology.co.uk/eczema/diagnosisandcauses/article/article.asp?ArticleID=899
  22. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Update: cardiac and other adverse events following civilian smallpox vaccination—United States, 2003. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2003;52:639–42.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  23. Eichner  M. Case isolation and contact tracing can prevent the spread of smallpox. Am J Epidemiol. 2003;158:118–28. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar

Main Article

Page created: April 27, 2011
Page updated: April 27, 2011
Page reviewed: April 27, 2011
The conclusions, findings, and opinions expressed by authors contributing to this journal do not necessarily reflect the official position of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, the Public Health Service, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, or the authors' affiliated institutions. Use of trade names is for identification only and does not imply endorsement by any of the groups named above.
file_external