Skip directly to site content Skip directly to page options Skip directly to A-Z link Skip directly to A-Z link Skip directly to A-Z link
Volume 14, Number 12—December 2008
Research

Genetic Characterization of Toggenburg Orbivirus, a New Bluetongue Virus, from Goats, Switzerland

Martin A. HofmannComments to Author , Sandra Renzullo, Markus Mader, Valérie Chaignat, Gabriella Worwa, and Barbara Thuer
Author affiliations: Institute of Virology and Immunoprophylaxis, Mittelhaeusern, Switzerland

Main Article

Figure 3

Phylogenetic analysis of Toggenburg orbivirus (TOV) (shaded regions) genome segments by ClustalW alignment (16) and subsequent neighbor-joining tree construction by MEGA version 4 software (15). GenBank accession numbers are indicated for all orbivirus sequences used to construct dendrograms. A) Segment 5; B) segment 6; C) segment 7; D) segment 8; E) segment 9; F) segment 10. BTV, bluetongue virus; EHDV, epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus. Segments show only relevant parts of dendrograms. **Segment 10 sequence of BTV-8 currently circulating in northern Europe. Scale bars indicate number of nucleotide substitutions per site.

Figure 3. Phylogenetic analysis of Toggenburg orbivirus (TOV) (shaded regions) genome segments by ClustalW alignment (16) and subsequent neighbor-joining tree construction by MEGA version 4 software (15). GenBank accession numbers are indicated for all orbivirus sequences used to construct dendrograms. A) Segment 5; B) segment 6; C) segment 7; D) segment 8; E) segment 9; F) segment 10. BTV, bluetongue virus; EHDV, epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus. Segments show only relevant parts of dendrograms. **Segment 10 sequence of BTV-8 currently circulating in northern Europe. Scale bars indicate number of nucleotide substitutions per site.

Main Article

References
  1. MacLachlan  NJ. The pathogenesis and immunology of bluetongue virus infection of ruminants. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis. 1994;17:197206. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  2. Mertens  PP, Arella  M, Attoui  H, Belloncic  S, Bergoin  M, Boccarado  G, Reoviridae. In: van Regenmortel MH, Fauquet CM, Bishop DH, Carstens EB, Estes MK, Lemon SM, et al., editors. Virus taxonomy: seventh report of the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses. New York: Academic Press; 2000. p. 408–80.
  3. Schwartz-Cornill  I, Mertens  PP, Contreras  V, Hemati  B, Pascale  F, Bréard  E, Bluetongue virus: virology, pathogenesis and immunity. Vet Res. 2008;39:46.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  4. Mellor  PS, Boorman  J. The transmission and geographical spread of African horse sickness and bluetongue viruses. Ann Trop Med Parasitol. 1995;89:115.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  5. Saegerman  C, Berkvens  D, Mellor  PS. Bluetongue epidemiology in the European Union. Emerg Infect Dis. 2008;14:53944. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  6. Mellor  PS, Wittmann  EJ. Bluetongue virus in the Mediterranean Basin 1998–2001. Vet J. 2002;164:2037. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  7. Racloz  V, Straver  R, Kuhn  M, Thür  B, Vanzetti  T, Stärk  KD, Establishment of an early warning system against bluetongue virus in Switzerland. Schweiz Arch Tierheilkd. 2006;148:5938. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  8. Mehlhorn  H, Walldorf  V, Klimpel  S, Jahn  B, Jaeger  F, Eschweiler  J, First occurrence of Culicoides obsoletus–transmitted bluetongue virus epidemic in Central Europe. Parasitol Res. 2007;101:21928. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  9. Cagienard  A, Thür  B, Griot  C, Hamblin  C, Stärk  KD. No evidence of bluetongue virus in Switzerland. Vet Microbiol. 2006;116:1320. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  10. Hofmann  M, Griot  C, Chaignat  V, Perler  L, Thür  B. Bluetongue disease reaches Switzerland [in German]. Schweiz Arch Tierheilkd. 2008;150:4956. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  11. Schwermer  H, Chaignat  V, Thür  B, Hadorn  D, Schärrer  S, Schaffner  F, The monitoring program of bluetongue disease in Switzerland [in German]. Schweiz Arch Tierheilkd. 2008;150:12932. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  12. Orru  G, Ferrando  ML, Meloni  M, Liciardi  M, Savini  G, De Santis  P. Rapid detection and quantitation of bluetongue virus (BTV) using a molecular beacon fluorescent probe assay. J Virol Methods. 2006;137:3442. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  13. Shaw  AE, Monaghan  P, Alpar  HO, Anthony  S, Darpel  KE, Batten  CA, Development and initial evaluation of a real-time RT-PCR assay to detect bluetongue virus genome segment 1. J Virol Methods. 2007;145:11526. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  14. Toussaint  JF, Sailleau  C, Breard  E, Zientara  S, De Clercq  K. Bluetongue virus detection by two real-time RT-qPCRs targeting two different genomic segments. J Virol Methods. 2007;140:11523. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  15. Tamura  K, Dudley  J, Nei  M, Kumar  S. MEGA4: molecular evolutionary genetics analysis (MEGA) software version 4.0. Mol Biol Evol. 2007;24:15969. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  16. Thompson  JD, Higgins  DG, Gibson  TJ. CLUSTAL W: Improving the sensitivity of progressive multiple sequence alignment through sequence weighting, position-specific gap penalties and weight matrix choice. Nucleic Acids Res. 1994;22:467380. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  17. Maan  S, Maan  NS, Samuel  AR, Rao  S, Attoui  H, Mertens  PP. Analysis and phylogenetic comparisons of full-length VP2 genes of the 24 bluetongue virus serotypes. J Gen Virol. 2007;88:62130. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  18. Roy  P. Bluetongue virus proteins. J Gen Virol. 1992;73:305164. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  19. Mertens  PP, Burroughs  JN, Walton  A, Wellby  MP, Fu  H, O’Hara  RS, Enhanced infectivity of modified bluetongue virus particles for two insect cell lines and for two Culicoides vector species. Virology. 1996;217:58293. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  20. de Mattos  CC, de Mattos  CA, Osburn  BI, MacLachlan  NJ. Evolution of the L2 gene of strains of bluetongue virus serotype 10 isolated in California. Virology. 1994;201:1737. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  21. Ting  LJ, Lee  MS, Huang  TS, Huang  CC, Kuo  ST, Lee  F, Identification of bluetongue virus in goats in Taiwan. Vet Rec. 2005;156:52.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  22. Maan  S, Maan  NS, Ross-Smith  N, Batten  CA, Shaw  AE, Anthony  SJ, Sequence analysis of bluetongue virus serotype 8 from the Netherlands 2006 and comparison to other European strains. Virology. 2008;377:30818. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  23. MacLachlan  NJ, Osburn  BI. Impact of bluetongue virus infection on the international movement and trade of ruminants. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 2006;228:13469. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar

Main Article

Page created: July 22, 2010
Page updated: July 22, 2010
Page reviewed: July 22, 2010
The conclusions, findings, and opinions expressed by authors contributing to this journal do not necessarily reflect the official position of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, the Public Health Service, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, or the authors' affiliated institutions. Use of trade names is for identification only and does not imply endorsement by any of the groups named above.
file_external