Skip directly to site content Skip directly to page options Skip directly to A-Z link Skip directly to A-Z link Skip directly to A-Z link
Volume 16, Number 2—February 2010
Perspective

Effects of Coronavirus Infections in Children

Nicola PrincipiComments to Author , Samantha Bosis, and Susanna Esposito
Author affiliations: University of Milan, Milan, Italy; and Fondazione Istituto Di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico “Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Mangiagalli e Regine Elena,” Milan

Main Article

Table

Main studies of the epidemiology and clinical relevance of HCoV-HKU1 in infants and children*

Study Location and period Population No. samples tested No. (%) patients with positive test results Comments
Lau et al. (20) Hong Kong; 
2004 Apr–2005 Mar 629 children with RTIs, 6 mo–5 y; inpatients 629 10 (1.6) 11 patients with URTIs, 1 with pneumonia, 1 with bronchiolitis, 5 with febrile seizures; 3 with underlying disease
Vabret et al. (24) Canada; 
2005 Feb–Mar 83 children with RTIs, <5 y; negative for RSV, influenza A/B, PIV 1–3, adenovirus; inpatients 83 5 (6.0) 3 patients with gastroenteritis, 1 with febrile seizures; mean age 26 mo
Sloots et al. (25) Australia; 
2004 May–Aug 259 children with RTIs, <5 y; inpatients and outpatients 259 10 (3.8) 1 patient with co-infection
Talbot et al. (34) USA; 
2001 Oct–2003 Sep 1,055 children with RTIs, <5 y; inpatients 1,055 4 (0.4) Mild episodes

*HCoV, human coronavirus; RTI, respiratory tract infection; URTI, upper respiratory tract infection; RSV, respiratory syncytial virus; PIV, parainfluenza virus.

Main Article

References
  1. Kahn  JS, McIntosh  K. History and recent advances in coronavirus discovery. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2005;24(Suppl):S2237. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  2. Drosten  C, Gunther  S, Preiser  W, van der Werf  S, Brodt  HR, Becker  S, Identification of a novel coronavirus in patients with a severe acute respiratory syndrome. N Engl J Med. 2003;348:196776. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  3. Monto  AS, Lim  SK. The Tecumseh study of respiratory illness. VI. Frequency of and relationship between outbreaks of coronavirus infection. J Infect Dis. 1974;129:2716.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  4. Stewart  JN, Mounir  S, Talbot  PJ. Human coronavirus gene expression in the brains of multiple sclerosis patients. Virology. 1992;191:5025. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  5. van der Hoek  L, Pyro  K, Jebbink  MF, Vermeulen-Oost  W, Berkhout  RJ, Wolthers  KC, Identification of a new human coronavirus. Nat Med. 2004;10:36873. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  6. Woo  PC, Lau  SK, Chu  CM, Chan  KH, Tsoi  HW, Huang  Y, Characterization and complete genome sequence of a novel coronavirus, coronavirus HKU1, from patients with pneumonia. J Virol. 2005;79:88495. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  7. Fouchier  RA, Hartwig  NG, Bestebroer  TM, Bestebroer  TM, Niemeyer  B, de Jong  JC, A previously undescribed coronavirus associated with respiratory disease in humans. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2005;101:62126. DOIGoogle Scholar
  8. Esper  F, Weibel  C, Ferguson  D, Landry  ML, Kahn  JS. Evidence of a novel human coronavirus that is associated with respiratory tract disease in infants and young children. J Infect Dis. 2005;191:4928. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  9. Suzuki  A, Okamoto  M, Ohmi  A, Watanabe  O, Miyabayashi  S, Nishimura  H. Detection of human coronavirus-NL63 in children in Japan. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2005;24:6456. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  10. Chiu  SS, Chan  KH, Chu  KW, Kwan  SW, Guan  Y, Poon  LL, Human coronavirus NL63 infection and other coronavirus infections in children hospitalized with acute respiratory disease in Hong Kong, China. Clin Infect Dis. 2005;40:17219. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  11. Arden  KE, Nissen  MD, Slkoots  TP, Mackay  IM. New human coronavirus HCoV-NL63, associated with severe lower respiratory tract disease in Australia. J Med Virol. 2005;75:45562. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  12. Ebihara  T, Endo  R, Ma  X, Ishiguro  N, Kikuta  H. Detection of human coronavirus NL63 in young children with bronchiolitis. J Med Virol. 2005;75:4635. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  13. Kaiser  L, Regamey  N, Roiha  H, Deffernez  C, Frey  U. Human coronavirus NL63 associated with lower respiratory tract symptoms in early life. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2005;24:10157. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  14. Bastien  N, Robinson  JL, Tse  A, Lee  BE, Hart  L, Li  Y. Human coronavirus NL-63 infections in children: a 1-year study. J Clin Microbiol. 2005;43:456773. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  15. Vabret  A, Mourez  T, Dina  J, van der Hoek  L, Gouarin  S, Petitjean  J, Human coronavirus NL63, France. Emerg Infect Dis. 2005;11:12259.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  16. van der Hoek  L, Sure  K, Ihorst  G, Stang  A, Pyrc  K, Jebbink  MF, Croup is associated with the novel coronavirus NL63. PLoS Med. 2005;2:e240. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  17. Boivin  G, Baz  M, Coté  S, Gilca  R, Deffrasnes  C, Leblanc  E, Infections by human coronavirus-NL in hospitalized children. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2005;24:10458. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  18. Esposito  S, Bosis  S, Niesters  HG, Tremolati  E, Begliatti  E, Rognoni  A, Impact of human coronavirus infections in otherwise healthy children who attended an emergency department. J Med Virol. 2006;78:160915. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  19. Choi  EH, Lee  HJ, Kin  SJ, Eun  BW, Kim  NH, Lee  JA, The association of newly identified respiratory viruses with lower respiratory tract infections in Korean children, 2000–2005. Clin Infect Dis. 2006;43:58592. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  20. Lau  SK, Woo  PC, Yip  CC, Tse  H, Tsoi  HW, Cheng  VC, et al. Coronavirus HKU1 and other coronavirus infections in Hong Kong. J Clin Microbiol. 2006;44:2o63–71.
  21. Kuypers  J, Martin  ET, Heugel  J, Wright  N, Morrow  R, Englund  JA. Clinical disease in children associated with newly described coronavirus-subtypes. Pediatrics. 2007;119:e706. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  22. Wu  PS, Chang  LY, Berkhout  B, van der Hoek  L, Lu  CY, Kao  CL, Clinical manifestation of human coronavirus NL63 infection in children in Taiwan. Eur J Pediatr. 2008;167:7580. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  23. Smuts  H, Workman  L, Zar  HJ. Role of human metapneumovirus, human coronavirus NL63 and human bocavirus in infants and young children with acute wheezing. J Med Virol. 2008;80:90612. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  24. Vabret  A, Dina  J, Gouarin  S, Petitjean  J, Corbet  S, Freymuth  F. Detection of the new human coronavirus HKU1: a report of 6 cases. Clin Infect Dis. 2006;42:6349. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  25. Sloots  TP, McErlean  P, Speicher  DJ, Arden  KE, Nissen  MD, Mackay  IM. Evidence of human coronavirus HKU1 and human bocavirus in Australian children. J Clin Virol. 2006;35:99102. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  26. Bosis  S, Esposito  S, Niester  HG, Tremolati  E, Pas  S, Principi  N, Coronavirus HKU1 in Italian pre-term infant with bronchiolitis. J Clin Virol. 2007;38:2513. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  27. Guan  Y, Zheng  BJ, He  YQ, Liu  XL, Zhuang  ZX, Cheung  CL, Isolation and characterization of viruses related to the SARS coronaviruses from animals in southern China. Science. 2003;302:2768. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  28. Dowell  SF, Ho  MS. Seasonality of infectious diseases and severe acute respiratory syndrome – what we don’t know can hurt us. Lancet Infect Dis. 2004;4:7048. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  29. Leung  GM, Chung  PH, Tsang  T, Lim  W, Chan  SK, Chau  P, SARS-CoV antibody prevalence in all Hong Kong patient contacts. Emerg Infect Dis. 2004;10:16536.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  30. Esposito  S, Bosis  S, Niesters  HG, Tremolati  E, Sabatini  C, Porta  A, Impact of human bocavirus on children and their families. J Clin Microbiol. 2008;46:133742. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  31. McIntosh  K, Chao  RK, Krause  HE, Wasil  R, Mocega  HE, Mufson  MA. Coronavirus infection in acute lower respiratory tract disease of infants. J Infect Dis. 1974;130:5027.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  32. Shao  X, Guo  X, Esper  F, Webel  C, Kahn  J. Seroepidemiology of group 1 human coronavirus in children. J Clin Virol. 2007;40:20113. DOIGoogle Scholar
  33. Dijkman  R, Jebbink  MF, El Idrissi  NB, Pyrc  K, Muller  MA, Kuijpers  TW, Human coronavirus NL63 and 229E seroconversion in children. J Clin Microbiol. 2008;46:236873. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  34. Talbot  HK, Crowe  JE Jr, Edwards  KM, Griffin  MR, Zhu  Y, Weinberg  GA, Coronavirus infection and hospitalizations for acute respiratory illness in young children. J Med Virol. 2009;81:8536. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  35. Han  TH, Chung  JY, Kim  SW, Hwang  ES. Human coronavirus-NL63 infections in Korean children, 2004–2006. J Clin Virol. 2007;38:2731. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  36. Leung  CW, Chiu  WK. Clinical picture, diagnosis, treatment and outcome of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) in children. Paediatr Respir Rev. 2004;5:27588. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  37. Gerna  G, Campanini  G, Rovida  F, Percivalle  E, Sarasini  A, Marchi  A, Genetic variability of human coronavirus OC43-, 229E-, and NL63-like strains and their association with lower respiratory tract infections of hospitalized infants and immunocompromised patients. J Med Virol. 2006;78:93849. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  38. Gagneur  A, Vallet  S, Talbot  PJ, Legrand-Quillien  MC, Picard  B, Payan  C, Outbreaks of human coronavirus in a pediatric and neonatal intensive care unit. Eur J Pediatr. 2008;167:142734. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  39. Jacomy  H, Fragoso  G, Almazan  G, Mushynski  WE, Talbot  PJ. Human coronavirus OC43 infection induces chronic encephalitis leading to disabilities in BALB/C mice. Virology. 2006;349:33546. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  40. Esper  F, Shapiro  ED, Weibel  C, Ferguson  D, Landry  ML, Kahn  JS. Association between a novel human coronavirus and Kawasaki disease. J Infect Dis. 2005;191:499502. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar

Main Article

Page created: December 10, 2010
Page updated: December 10, 2010
Page reviewed: December 10, 2010
The conclusions, findings, and opinions expressed by authors contributing to this journal do not necessarily reflect the official position of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, the Public Health Service, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, or the authors' affiliated institutions. Use of trade names is for identification only and does not imply endorsement by any of the groups named above.
file_external