Volume 3, Number 3—September 1997
Perspective
Emerging and Reemerging Helminthiases and the Public Health of China
Table 3
Infection Level (%) |
||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Helminth | No. Fecal Exams | Light | Moderate | Heavy |
Ascaris lumbricoidesb | 170,252 | 77.0% | 21.1% | 1.8% |
Trichuris trichiurac | 247,020 | 94.6% | 5.2% | 0.2% |
Hookwormd | 75.4% | 21.9% | 2.7% |
aBased on data provided in reference 8.
bLight = <5,000 epg; Moderate = 5,000 to < 50,000 epg; Heavy = > 50,000 epg
cLight = <1,000 epg; Moderate = 1,000 to < 10,000 epg; Heavy = > 10,000 epg
dLight = <400 epg; Moderate = 400 to < 3,000 epg; Heavy = > 3,000 epg
References
- Faust EC, Meleney HE. Studies on schistosomiasis japonica, with a supplement on the molluscan hosts of the human blood fluke in China and Japan, and species liable to be confused with them. American Journal of Hygiene, Monogr Ser No 3 1924; Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Press.
- Cort WW, Grant JB, Stoll NR, Researches on hookworm in China. American Journal of Hygiene, Monogr Ser No 7 1926; Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.
- Oksenberg MC. Chinese politics and the public health issue. In: Bowers JZ, Purcell EF, editors. Medicine and society in China. New York: Josiah Macy Foundation, 1974;128-61.
- Senhai Y. Control of parasitic diseases in China, current status and prospects. Chin Med J. 1996;109:259–65.PubMedGoogle Scholar
- Yu S-H, Xu L-Q, Jiang Z-X, Xu S-H, Han J-J, Zhu Y-G, Special report, nationwide survey of human parasites in China. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health. 1994;25:4–10.PubMedGoogle Scholar
- Yu SH, Xu LQ, Jiang ZX, Xu SH, Han JJ, Zhu YG, Report on the first nationwide survey of the distribution of human parasites in China. 1. Regional distribution of parasite species. Chinese Journal of Parasitology and Parasitic Diseases. 1994;12:241–7.PubMedGoogle Scholar
- Xu LQ, Jiang ZX, Yu SH, Xu S, Huang D, Yang SX, Nationwide survey of the distribution of human parasites in China -- infection with parasite species in human population. Chinese Journal of Parasitology and Parasitic Diseases 1995;1-7.
- Xu L-Q, Yu S-H, Jiang Z-X, Yang J-L, Lai C-Q, Zhang X-J, Soil-transmitted helminthiases: nationwide survey in China. Bull World Health Organ. 1995;73:507–13.PubMedGoogle Scholar
- Cocharne WG. Sampling techniques, 3rd ed. New York: John Wiley and Sons 1977;66-91.
- Xu F, Wu R, Chen J, Guo R. Investigation on human parasite distribution in Hainan Province. [special issue]. Chinese Journal of Parasitology and Parasitic Diseases. 1994;12:27–30.PubMedGoogle Scholar
- Chen JZ, Xu FS, Wu RZ, Guo RN, Xing YZ, Huang DL, Investigation on hookworm infection in Hainan Province. [special issue]. Chinese Journal of Parasitology and Parasitic Diseases. 1994;12:148–51.
- Chen JZ, Xu FS, Wu RZ, Guo RN, Xing YZ, Huang DL, Investigation and analysis of intestinal parasite infections in rural children in Hainan Province. [special issue]. Chinese Journal of Parasitology and Parasitic Diseases. 1994;12:157–9.
- Ma X, Cai L, Fu Y, Huan D. Influence of some factors on prevalence of intestinal parasites in Shanghai. [special issue]. Chinese Journal of Parasitology and Parasitic Diseases. 1994;12:30–8.
- Ma X-B, Cai L, Fu Y-F, Huang D-S. Present status of intestinal parasite infections in Pudong new area of Shanghai. Chinese Journal of Parasitology and Parasitic Diseases 1991;9-11.2
- Yang JL, Yang HM, Wang YK, Zhang LL, Yu H, Zhang BX, A survey of epidemiological factors in hookworm, Ascaris and Trichuris infections. [special issue]. Chinese Journal of Parasitology and Parasitic Diseases. 1994;12:145–7.
- Xu XR, Cheng YZ, Lin AQ, Guo ZF, Hong L, Zhang XB, Investigation of hookworm infection in banana planting field in Zhangzhou City, Fujian Province. Chinese Journal of Parasitology and Parasitic Diseases. 1991;9:50–2.PubMedGoogle Scholar
- Xu LQ, Jiang ZX, Yu SH, Xu S, Chang J, Wu ZX, Characteristics and recent trends in endemicity of human parasitic diseases in China. Chinese Journal of Parasitology and Parasitic Diseases. 1995;13:214–7.PubMedGoogle Scholar
- Han JJ, Liu C, Liu CY, Wan ZY, Zheng DF, Epidemiological aspects of human parasitoses in Sichuan province. [special issue]. Chinese Journal of Parasitology and Parasitic Diseases. 1994;12:8–16.
- Lin J-X, Lin A-Q, Chen B-J, Xu X-R. An investigation of acute Ascaris infection resulted from eating sugarcane in children. Chinese Journal of Parasitology and Parasitic Diseases. 1991;9:48–50.
- Wu C-S, Ni F-Y, Cheng W-J, Wang C-H. Hookworm disease in infants: report of eight cases (with two cases of leukemoid reaction due to infant hookworm disease). Acta Parasitol Sinica. 1966;3:138–40.
- Yu S-H, Jiang Z-X, Xu L-Q. Infantile hookworm disease in China. A review. Acta Trop. 1995;:265–70.PubMedGoogle Scholar
- Xu LQ, Jiang ZX, Yu SH, Ding XM, Bin XH, Yang HF, Treatment of soil-transmitted helminth infections by anthelminthics in current use. Chinese Journal of Parasitology and Parasitic Diseases. 1992;10:95–9.PubMedGoogle Scholar
- Chen ZZ, Fang YY, Huo LC, Liu MZ, Gu SH, Chen XQ, Efficacy of albendazole medicated-salt on treatment of intestinal helminth infections. [special issue]. Chinese Journal of Parasitology and Parasitic Diseases. 1994;12:122–4.PubMedGoogle Scholar
- Albonico M, Smith PG, Ercole E, Rate of reinfection with intestinal nematodes after treatment of children with mebendazole or albendazole in a highly endemic area. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 1995;89:538–41. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
- Hotez PJ, Hawdon JM, Ghosh K, Cappello M, Jones BF, Volvovitz F, Molecular approaches to vaccinating against hookworm disease. Pediatr Res. 1996;40:515–21. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
- Ghosh K, Hawdon JM, Hotez PJ. Vaccination with alum-precipitated ASP-1 protects mice against challenge infections with infective hookworm (Ancylostoma caninum) larvae. J Infect Dis. 1996;174:1380–3.PubMedGoogle Scholar
- Yang H-M. Studies on epidemiology and control of trichinosis in Yunnan Province. Chinese Journal of Parasitology and Parasitic Diseases. 1991;9:79–82.
- Chen YZ, Xu XL, Chen BJ, Guo ZF, Zhen HY, Lin SS, First report on human infection of Centrocestus formosanus (in Fujian). Chinese Journal of Parasitology and Parasitic Diseases. 1991;9:273.
- Chen YZ, Lin JX, Fang YY, Lin AQ, Chen BJ, Chin J, Discovery on infections of Echinostoma angustitestis in humans. Chin J Zoonoses. 1992;8:7–8.
- Chen M, Lu Y, Hua X, Mott KE. Progress in assessment of morbidity due to Clonorchis sinensis infection: a review of recent literature. Trop Dis Bull. 1994;91:R7–65.
- Xu Z-B. Studies on clinical manifestations, diagnosis and control of paragonimiasis in China. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health. 1991;22(supplement):345–8.PubMedGoogle Scholar
- Lei C, Wang P. Analysis on pathogencity of Paragonimus westermani with diploid form in Lanting of Shaoxing County, Zhejiang Province. [special issue]. Chinese Journal of Parasitology and Parasitic Diseases. 1994;12:209–11.
- Davis GM, Chen C-E, Kang Z-B, Liu Y-Y. Snail hosts of Paragonimus in Asia and the Americas. Biomed Environ Sci. 1994;7:369–82.PubMedGoogle Scholar
- He YX, Hu YQ, Yu QF, Tang ZJ. Characteristics of different isolates of Schistosoma japonicum from China in the final hosts. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health. 1991;22:240–1.PubMedGoogle Scholar
- Chen M-G. Control and research on schistosomiasis in China. Chin Med J (Engl). 1995;108:643–6.PubMedGoogle Scholar
- Xiao SH, You JQ, Yang YQ, Wang CZ. Experimental studies on early treatment of schistosomal infection with artemether. Southeast Asian J Trop Public Health. 1995;26:306–18.
- Xiao SH, Shi ZG, Zhuo SJ, Wang CZ, Zhang ZG, Chu B, Field studies on the preventive effect of oral artemether against schistosomal infection. Chin Med J (Engl). 1996;109:272–5.PubMedGoogle Scholar
- Liu S, Song G, Xu Y, Wen Y, McManus DP. Immunization of mice with recombinant Sjc26GST induces a pronounced anti-fecundity effect after experimental infection with Chinese Schistosoma japonicum. Vaccine. 1995;13:603–7. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
- Liu SX, Song GC, Xu YX, Yang W, McManus DP. Anti-fecundity immunity induced in pigs vaccinated with recombinant Schistosoma japonicum 26 kDa glutathione-S-transferase. Parasite Immunol. 1995;17:335–40. DOIGoogle Scholar
- Xue H-C, Qiu L-S, He Y-X, Zhang Y-H, Zhu C-W. SDS-PAGE protein pattern and its antigenicity analysis of different isolates of Schistosoma japonicum in China. Chin Med J (Engl). 1994;107:25–9.PubMedGoogle Scholar
- Davis GM. Evolution of prosobranch snails transmitting Asian Schistosoma: coevolution with Schistosoma: a review. Prog Clin Parasitol. 1993;3:145–204.PubMedGoogle Scholar
- Davis GM, Kitikoon V, Temcharoen P. A monograph on Lithoglyphopsis aperta, the snail host of Mekong River schistosomiasis. Malacologia. 1976;15:241–78.PubMedGoogle Scholar
- Davis GM, Greer G. A new genus and two new species of triculinae and the transmission of a malaysian mammalian Schistosoma sp. Proc Acad Nat Sci Philadelphia. 1980;132:245–76.
- Xu LQ, Jiang ZX, Yu SH, Xu SH, Chen SL, Lin JX, Status and strategy of parasitosis control in preventive health care in China. Chinese Journal of Parasitology and Parasitic Diseases. 1995;13:264–8.PubMedGoogle Scholar
- Xu LQ, Jiang ZX, Yu SH, Xu SH, Meng N, Gan YC, Nationwide survey of the distribution of parasites in China -- the characteristics and rules of geographic distribution of human helminth infection. Chinese Journal of Parasitology and Parasitic Diseases. 1995;13:99–103.PubMedGoogle Scholar
- Han J-J, Liu C-H, Yin G-Y, Zheng D-F. Human intestinal parasite infections and their family aggregation in Sichuan. Chinese Journal of Parasitology and Parasitic Diseases. 1991;9:76–9.
- Li BJ, Li YB, Ge FT, Shang LJ, Hou FL, Liu HB, Analysis on family clustering of human intestinal parasitic infections in Hebei Province. [special issue]. Chinese Journal of Parasitology and Parasitic Diseases. 1994;12:215–6.
- Hsiao WCL, Liu Y. Economic reform and health -- lessons from China. N Engl J Med. 1996;335:430–2. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
Page created: December 21, 2010
Page updated: December 21, 2010
Page reviewed: December 21, 2010
The conclusions, findings, and opinions expressed by authors contributing to this journal do not necessarily reflect the official position of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, the Public Health Service, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, or the authors' affiliated institutions. Use of trade names is for identification only and does not imply endorsement by any of the groups named above.