Volume 8, Number 11—November 2002
THEME ISSUE
Tuberculosis Genotyping
Tuberculosis Genotyping Network, United States
Molecular Epidemiology of Tuberculosis in a Sentinel Surveillance Population
, Jack T. Crawford*, Christopher R. Braden*, Scott J. N. McNabb*, Marisa Moore*, Steve Kammerer*, and the National Tuberculosis Genotyping and Surveillance Network Work Group
Table 3
Comparison of demographic and behavioral risk factors and clinical and treatment outcomes of tuberculosis (TB) case-patients who have genetically clustered genotypes with factors and outcomes of patients who had unique genotype patternsa
| Variableb | Clustered (%) | Unclustered (%) | Relative risk (95% CI) | Probabilityc | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total cases (n=10,752) | 5.171(48.1) | 5,581 (51.9) | ||||
| Gender | Male | 3,289 (63.6) | 3,107 (55.7) | 1.19 (1.14% to 1.24%) | <0.001 | |
| Female | 1,881 (36.4) | 2,473 (44.3) | ||||
| Unknown | 1 (0.0) | 1 (0.0) | ||||
| Mean age (yrs; ±S.E.) | 44.8 (±0.26) | 49.4 (±0.28) | <0.0001 | |||
| Race/ethnicity | White, non-Hispanic | 1,018 (19.7) | 1,201 (21.5) | 0.94 (0.90% to 0.99%) | 0.02 | |
| Black, non-Hispanic | 2,254 (43.6) | 1,237 (22.2) | 1.61 (1.55% to 1.67%) | <0.001 | ||
| Hispanic | 914 (17.7) | 1,112 (19.9) | 0.92 (0.88% to 0.97%) | 0.003 | ||
| American Indian/Native | 17 (0.3) | 10 (0.2) | ||||
| Asian/Pacific Islander | 961 (18.6) | 2,014 (36.1) | 0.60 (0.56% to 0.63%) | <0.001 | ||
| Unknown | 7 (0.1) | 7 (0.1) | 0.59 (0.55% to 0.63%) | |||
| Place of birth | U.S.-born | 3,331 (64.4) | 2,023 (36.2) | 1.83 (1.75% to 1.90%) | <0.001 | |
| Foreign-born | 1,825 (35.3) | 3,552 (63.6) | ||||
| Unknown | 15 (0.3) | 6 (0.1) | ||||
| Recent to United Statesd | Yes | 535 (29.3) | 1,225 (34.5) | 2,111 (59.4) | <0.001 | |
| No | 1,181 (64.7) | |||||
| Unknown | 109 (6.0) | 216 (6.1) | ||||
| Site of disease | Pulmonary | 3,902 (75.5) | 3,835 (68.7) | 1.20 (1.14% to1.26%) | <0.001 | |
| Extrapulmonary | 788 (15.2) | 1,254 (22.5) | 0.77 (0.72% to 0.81%) | <0.001 | ||
| Pulmonary and extrapulmonary | 476 (9.2) | 492 (8.8) | NS | |||
| Unknown | 5 (0.1) | 0 | ||||
| Sputum smear | Positive | 2,270 (43.9) | 2,011 (36.0) | 1.22 (1.11% to 1.33%) | <0.001 | |
| Negative | 1,802 (34.8) | 1,943 (34.8) | ||||
| Not done/unknown | 1,099 (21.3) | 1,627 (29.1) | ||||
| Chest radiographe | Cavitary | 1,345 (30.7) | 1,172 (27.1) | 1.09 (1.04% to 1.14%) | <0.001 | |
| Noncavitary | 2,639 (60.2) | 2,826 (65.3) | ||||
| Normal | 146 (3.3) | 118 (2.73) | ||||
| Not done/unknown | 253 (5.8) | 211 (4.9) | ||||
| Total | 4,383 | 4,327 | ||||
| HIV statusf | Positive | 458 (22.2) | 223 (11.8) | 1.37 (1.29% to 1.46%) | <0.001 | |
| Negative | 978 (47.4) | 847 (44.8) | NS | |||
| Indeterminate | 0 | 4 (0.2) | ||||
| Refused | 106 (5.1) | 138 (7.3) | ||||
| Not offered | 252 (12.2) | 354 (18.7) | ||||
| Unknown | 270 (13.0) | 323 (17.1) | ||||
| Total | 2,064 | 1,889 | ||||
| Homeless within past year | Yes | 370 (7.2) | 139 (2.5) | 1.55 (1.46% to 1.64% | <0.001 | |
| No | 4,724 (91.4) | 5,370 (96.2) | ||||
| Unknown | 77 (1.5) | 72 (1.3) | ||||
| Resident of correctional facility at diagnosis | Yes | 190 (3.7) | 69 (1.2) | 1.55 (1.43% to 1.67%) | <0.001 | |
| No | 4,966 (96.0) | 5,503 (98.6) | ||||
| Unknown | 15 (0.3) | 9 (0.2) | ||||
| Injecting drug useg | Yes | 312 (6.0) | 72 (1.3) | 1.73 (1.65% to 1.83%) | <0.001 | |
| No | 4,540 (87.8) | 5,231 (93.7) | ||||
| Unknown | 319 (6.2) | 278 (5.0) | ||||
| Noninjecting drug useg | Yes | 460 (8.9) | 140 (2.5) | 1.65 (1.57% to 1.73%) | <0.001 | |
| No | 4,335 (83.8) | 5,140 (92.1) | ||||
| Unknown | 376 (7.3) | 301 (5.4) | ||||
| Excessive alcohol useg | Yes | 948 (18.3) | 371 (6.6) | 1.61 (1.54% to 1.67%) | <0.001 | |
| No | 3,897 (75.4) | 4,893 (87.7) | ||||
| Unknown | 326 (6.3) | 317 (5.7) | ||||
| First-line drugs h | ||||||
| Yes | 622 (12.1) | 755 (13.7) | 0.93 (0.87% to 0.99%) | 0.016 | ||
| No | 2,718 (53.0) | 3,337 (60.5) | ||||
| Not done | 1,748 (34.1) | 1,356 (24.6) | ||||
| Unknown | 45 (0.9 | 66 (1.2) | ||||
| Total | 5,133 | 5,514 | ||||
aCI, confidence interval; S.E., standard error.
bOnly factors that had significant differences are shown.
cProbability of chi-square statistic is shown, except for t-test results from analysis of age from each group.
dForeign-born only; arrived in the United States within 2 years.
eExcludes cases with extrapulmonary TB only.
fCalifornia TB cases not included; ages 15–44 years only.
gExcessive drug or alcohol use within last year.
hFirst-line drug resistance is resistance to at least one of the following: isoniazid, rifampin, ethambutol, or streptomycin. Second-line drug resistance is resistance to one or more of the following: ethionamide, kanamycin, cycloserine, capreomycin, para-amino salicylic acid, amikacin, rifabutin, ciprofloxacin, ofloxacin, or other drugs. Testing results for one or more of the drugs could have been missing.
1 Members of the National Tuberculosis Genotyping and surveillance Network Work Group, in addition to the listed authors, included Joseph Bates, William Benjamin, Pablo Bifani, M. Donald Cave, Rebecca Cox, Wendy Cronin, Ed Desmond, Jeffrey Driscoll, Nancy Dunlap, Jennifer Flood, Kashef Ijaz,, Michael Kucab, Barry Kreiswirth, Zary Liu, D. Mitchell Magee, Jeffrey Massey, Ann Miller, Donna Mulcahy, Robert Pratt, Teresa Quitugua, Barbara Schable, Kenneth Shilkret, Harry Taber, Jeffrey Taylor, Sharon Sharnprapai, Sumi Sun, Zhenhua Yang