Volume 8, Number 12—December 2002
Perspective
Outpatient Antibiotic Use and Prevalence of Antibiotic-Resistant Pneumococci in France and Germany: A Sociocultural Perspective
Figure 1
References
- Hoban DJ, Doern GV, Fluit AC, Roussel-Delvallez M, Jones RN. Worldwide prevalence of antimicrobial resistance in Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, and Moraxella catarrhalis in the SENTRY Antimicrobial Surveillance Program, 1997–1999. Clin Infect Dis. 2001;32(Suppl 2):S81–93. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
- Pradier C, Dunais B, Carsenti-Etesse H, Dellamonica P. Pneumococcal resistance patterns in Europe. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis. 1997;16:644–7. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
- Schmitz FJ, Verhoef J, Fluit AC. Prevalence of resistance to MLS antibiotics in 20 European university hospitals participating in the European SENTRY surveillance programme. J Antimicrob Chemother. 1999;43:783–92. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
- Anell A, Willis M. International comparison of health care systems using resource profiles. Bull World Health Organ. 2000;78:770–8.PubMedGoogle Scholar
- Wessling A, Boethius G. Measurement of drug use in a defined population. Evaluation of the defined daily dose (DDD) methodology. Eur J Clin Pharmacol. 1990;39:207–10. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
- Jacobs MR, Felmingham D, Appelbaum PC. Penicillin and macrolide resistance in 2,675 isolates of Streptococcus pneumoniae from 15 countries on five continents [Abstract]. ICAAC. San Francisco: American Society for Microbiology; 1999. p. 1044.
- Reinert RR, Simic S, Al-Lahham A, Reinert S, Lemperle M, Lutticken R. Antimicrobial resistance of Streptococcus pneumoniae recovered from outpatients with respiratory tract infections in Germany from 1998 to 1999: results of a national surveillance study. J Clin Microbiol. 2001;39:1187–9. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
- Thierry J, Perrier-Gros-Claude JD, Clavier B, Dumas M, Aubert G, Barbe G, [Pneumococcus observatory data in the Rhone-Alps region. Results from 1996]. Pathol Biol (Paris). 1999;47:1060–4.PubMedGoogle Scholar
- Sahm DF, Jones ME, Hickey ML, Diakun DR, Mani SV, Thornsberry C. Resistance surveillance of Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae and Moraxella catarrhalis isolated in Asia and Europe, 1997–1998. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2000;45:457–66. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
- Chomarat M. [Pneumococcal antibiotic resistance in 1999. Results from 19 registries for 1999]. Presse Med. 2001;1:5–6.
- Reinert RR, Al-Lahham A, Lemperle M, Tenholte C, Briefs C, Haupts S, Emergence of macrolide and penicillin resistance among invasive pneumococcal isolates in Germany. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2002;49:61–8. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
- Bouvenot G. French National Institute for observation of prescriptions and consumption of medicines. Prescription and consumption of antibiotics in ambulatory care. Bull Acad Natl Med. 1999;183:601–13.PubMedGoogle Scholar
- Avorn J, Solomon DH. Cultural and economic factors that (mis)shape antibiotic use: the nonpharmacologic basis of therapeutics. Ann Intern Med. 2000;133:128–35.PubMedGoogle Scholar
- Harbarth S, Albrich W, Goldmann DA, Huebner J. Control of multiply resistant cocci: do international comparisons help? Lancet Infect Dis. 2001;1:251–61. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
- Samore MH, Magill MK, Alder SC, Severina E, Morrison-De Boer L, Lyon JL, High rates of multiple antibiotic resistance in Streptococcus pneumoniae from healthy children living in isolated rural communities: association with cephalosporin use and intrafamilial transmission. Pediatrics. 2001;108:856–65. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
- Chiu SS, Ho PL, Chow FK, Yuen KY, Lau YL. Nasopharyngeal carriage of antimicrobial-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae among young children attending 79 kindergartens and day care centers in Hong Kong. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2001;45:2765–70. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
- Klugman KP. Antibiotic selection of multiply resistant pneumococci. Clin Infect Dis. 2001;33:489–91. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
- McManus P, Hammond ML, Whicker SD, Primrose JG, Mant A, Fairall SR. Antibiotic use in the Australian community, 1990–1995. Med J Aust. 1997;167:124–7.PubMedGoogle Scholar
- Cars O, Molstad S, Melander A. Variation in antibiotic use in the European Union. Lancet. 2001;357:1851–3. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
- Huchon GJ, Gialdroni-Grassi G, Leophonte P, Manresa F, Schaberg T, Woodhead M. Initial antibiotic therapy for lower respiratory tract infection in the community: a European survey. Eur Respir J. 1996;9:1590–5. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
- Woodhead M, Gialdroni Grassi G, Huchon GJ, Leophonte P, Manresa F, Schaberg T. Use of investigations in lower respiratory tract infection in the community: a European survey. Eur Respir J. 1996;9:1596–600. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
- Guillemot D, Maison P, Carbon C, Balkau B, Vauzelle-Kervroedan F, Sermet C, Trends in antimicrobial drug use in the community—France, 1981–1992. J Infect Dis. 1998;177:492–7. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
- Raherison C, Peray P, Poirier R, Romand P, Grignet JP, Arsac P, Management of lower respiratory tract infections by French general practitioners: the AIR II study. Eur Respir J. 2002;19:314–9. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
- Guillemot D, Carbon C, Balkau B, Geslin P, Lecoeur H, Vauzelle-Kervroedan F, Low dosage and long treatment duration of beta-lactam: risk factors for carriage of penicillin-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae. JAMA. 1998;279:365–70. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
- Guillemot D, Carbon C, Vauzelle-Kervroedan F, Balkau B, Maison P, Bouvenot G, Inappropriateness and variability of antibiotic prescription among French office-based physicians. J Clin Epidemiol. 1998;51:61–8. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
- Ball P, Baquero F, Cars O, File T, Garau J, Klugman K, Antibiotic therapy of community respiratory tract infections: strategies for optimal outcomes and minimized resistance emergence. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2002;49:31–40. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
- Schrag SJ, Pena C, Fernandez J, Sanchez J, Gomez V, Perez E, Effect of short-course, high-dose amoxicillin therapy on resistant pneumococcal carriage: a randomized trial. JAMA. 2001;286:49–56. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
- de Melker RA, Touw-Otten FW, Kuyvenhoven MM. Transcultural differences in illness behaviour and clinical outcome: an underestimated aspect of general practice? Fam Pract. 1997;14:472–7. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
- Pradier C, Rotily M, Cavailler P, Haas H, Pesce A, Dellamonica P, Factors related to the prescription of antibiotics for young children with viral pharyngitis by general practitioners and pediatricians in southeastern France. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis. 1999;18:510–4. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
- Melchart D, Walther E, Linde K, Brandmaier R, Lersch C. Echinacea root extracts for the prevention of upper respiratory tract infections: a double-blind, placebo-controlled randomized trial. Arch Fam Med. 1998;7:541–5. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
- Wahlstrom R, Lagerlov P, Lundborg CS, Veninga CCM, Hummers-Pradier E, Dahlgren LO, Variations in general practitioners’ views of asthma management in four European countries. Soc Sci Med. 2001;53:507–18. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
- Homoeopathic Medicine Research Group. Homoeopathic medicine in Europe. Vol. DGXII. Brussels: Commission des Communautes Europeennes; 1996.
- Buhring P. Ganzheitliche Therapie gewünscht. Dtsch Arztebl. 2001;98:1307.
- Ernst E. Prevalence of use of complementary/alternative medicine: a systematic review. Bull World Health Organ. 2000;78:252–7.PubMedGoogle Scholar
- Payer L. Medicine and culture: varieties of treatment in the United States, England, West Germany, and France. New York: Henry Holt and Company; 1988.
- Branthwaite A, Pechere JC. Pan-European survey of patients’ attitudes to antibiotics and antibiotic use. J Int Med Res. 1996;24:229–38.PubMedGoogle Scholar
- De Saint-Hardouin G, Goldgewicht M, Kemeny G, Rufat P, Perronne C. Evaluation de la pression des parents sur les medecins pour la prescription des antibiotiques dans les infections ORL de l’enfant en ville. Med Mal Infect. 1997;27:372–8. DOIGoogle Scholar
- Sorum PC, Shim J, Chasseigne G, Mullet E, Sastre MT, Stewart T, Do parents and physicians differ in making decisions about acute otitis media? J Fam Pract. 2002;51:51–7.PubMedGoogle Scholar
- Pichichero ME. Understanding antibiotic overuse for respiratory tract infections in children. Pediatrics. 1999;104:1384–8. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
- Macfarlane J, Holmes W, Gard P, Thornhill D, Macfarlane R, Hubbard R. Reducing antibiotic use for acute bronchitis in primary care: blinded, randomised controlled trial of patient information leaflet. BMJ. 2002;324:1–6. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
- Rovers MM, Zielhuis GA, Ingels K, van der Wilt GJ. Day-care and otitis media in young children: a critical overview. Eur J Pediatr. 1999;158:1–6. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
- Cooper CJ. Ready to learn—the French system of early education and care offers lessons for the United States. New York: French-American Foundation; 1999.
- Tageseinrichtungen für Kinder. Wiesbaden, Germany: Statistisches Bundesamt; 2000.
- Daly KA, Giebink GS. Clinical epidemiology of otitis media. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2000;19(Suppl):S31–6. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
- Aubry-Damon H, Carlet J, Courvalin P, Desenclos JC, Drucker J, Guillemot D, Bacterial resistance to antibiotics in France: a public health priority. Eurosurveillance. 2000;5:135–8.PubMedGoogle Scholar
- Khlat M, Sermet C, Le Pape A. Women’s health in relation with their family and work roles: France in the early 1990s. Soc Sci Med. 2000;50:1807–25. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
- Fean A. France shows way with childcare. Times (Lond). 1997;:7.
- Hardy AM, Fowler MG. Child care arrangements and repeated ear infections in young children. Am J Public Health. 1993;83:1321–5. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
- Leino T, Auranen K, Jokinen J, Leinonen M, Tervonen P, Takala AK. Pneumococcal carriage in children during their first two years: important role of family exposure. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2001;20:1022–7. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
- Giebink GS. The prevention of pneumococcal disease in children. N Engl J Med. 2001;345:1177–83. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
- Freeman V, van’t Hof M, Haschke F. Patterns of milk and food intake in infants from birth to age 36 months: the Euro-growth study. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2000;31(Suppl 1):S76–85. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
- Crost M, Kaminski M. [Breast feeding at maternity hospitals in France in 1995. National perinatal survey]. Arch Pediatr. 1998;5:1316–26. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
- Le Pen C. Pharmaceutical economy and the economic assessment of drugs in France. Soc Sci Med. 1997;45:635–43. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
- Danzon PM, Chao LW. Cross-national price differences for pharmaceuticals: how large, and why? J Health Econ. 2000;19:159–95. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
- Bergan T. Antibiotic usage in Nordic countries. Int J Antimicrob Agents. 2001;18:279–82. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
- Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. OECD health data. Paris: the Organisation; 2000.
- Giuliani G, Selke G, Garattini L. The German experience in reference pricing. Health Policy. 1998;44:73–85. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
- Dickson M. The pricing of pharmaceuticals: an international comparison. Clin Ther. 1992;14:604–10.PubMedGoogle Scholar
- Garattini L, Tediosi F. A comparative analysis of generics markets in five European countries. Health Policy. 2000;51:149–62. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
- Huttin C. A critical review of the remuneration systems for pharmacists. Health Policy. 1996;36:53–68. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
- Choutet P. Impact of opposable medical references prescription guidelines for antibiotic prescriptions in ambulatory medicine. Therapie. 2001;56:139–42.PubMedGoogle Scholar
- Reichmann P, Varon E, Gunther E, Reinert RR, Luttiken R, Marton A, Penicillin-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae in Germany: genetic relationship to clones from other European countries. J Med Microbiol. 1995;43:377–85. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
- Geslin P, Fremaux A, Sissia G, Spicq C. [Streptococcus pneumoniae: serotypes, invasive and antibiotic resistant strains. Current situation in France]. Presse Med. 1998;27(Suppl 1):21–7.PubMedGoogle Scholar
- Kries R, Siedler A, Schmitt HJ, Reinert RR. Proportion of invasive pneumococcal infections in German children preventable by pneumococcal conjugate vaccines. Clin Infect Dis. 2000;31:482–7. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
- Hausdorff WP, Siber G, Paradiso PR. Geographical differences in invasive pneumococcal disease rates and serotype frequency in young children. Lancet. 2001;357:950–2. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
- Van Veldhuisen DJ, Charlesworth A, Crijns HJ, Lie KI, Hampton JR. Differences in drug treatment of chronic heart failure between European countries. Eur Heart J. 1999;20:666–72. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
- Durieux P, Gaillac B, Giraudeau B, Doumenc M, Ravaud P. Despite financial penalties, French physicians’ knowledge of regulatory practice guidelines is poor. Arch Fam Med. 2000;9:414–8. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
- Metlay JP, Shea JA, Crossette LB, Asch DA. Tensions in antibiotic prescribing—pitting social concerns against the interests of individual patients. J Gen Intern Med. 2002;17:87–94. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
- Butler CC, Rollnick S, Pill R, Maggs-Rapport F, Stott N. Understanding the culture of prescribing: qualitative study of general practitioners’ and patients’ perceptions of antibiotics for sore throats. BMJ. 1998;317:637–42.PubMedGoogle Scholar
- Baquero F. Antibiotic resistance in Spain: what can be done? Clin Infect Dis. 1996;23:819–23.PubMedGoogle Scholar
- La moitié des prescriptions d’antibiotiques sont injustifiées. Le Monde 2001 Nov 21; p. 11.
- Molstad S, Cars O. Major change in the use of antibiotics following a national programme: Swedish Strategic Programme for the Rational Use of Antimicrobial Agents and Surveillance of Resistance. Scand J Infect Dis. 1999;31:191–5. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
- Gin AS, Carrie A, Hoban D, Weiss K, Low D, Zhanel GG. Antibiotic use is decreasing in Canada: Results of a national survey of outpatient prescription data from 1995–1999. [Abstract 135]. ICAAC. Toronto: American Society for Microbiology; 2000.
- McCaig LF, Besser RE, Hughes JM. Trends in antimicrobial prescribing rates for children and adolescents. JAMA. 2002;287:3096–102. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
- Friis H, Bro F, Eriksen NR, Mabeck CE, Vejlsgaard R. The effect of reimbursement on the use of antibiotics. Scand J Prim Health Care. 1993;11:247–51. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
- Korn SJ, Raufi SM, Rosenthal EJ, Shah PM. Susceptibility pattern of Streptococcus pneumoniae outpatients in Germany. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2000;6:563–4. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
- Van Zuijlen DA, Schilder AG, Van Balen FA, Hoes AW. National differences in incidence of acute mastoiditis: relationship to prescribing patterns of antibiotics for acute otitis media? Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2001;20:140–4. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
- Hoppe JE, Koster S, Bootz F. Acute mastoiditis: relevant once again. Infection. 1994;22:178–82. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
- Gessner BD. Worldwide variation in incidence of Haemophilus influenzae type B meningitis and its association with ampicillin resistance. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis. 2002;21:79–87. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
- Bronzwaer SL, Cars O, Buchholz U, Molstad S, Goettsch W, Veldhuijzen IK, A European study on the relationship between antimicrobial use and antimicrobial resistance. Emerg Infect Dis. 2002;8:278–82.PubMedGoogle Scholar
- Touw-Otten FW, Johansen KS. Diagnosis, antibiotic treatment and outcome of acute tonsillitis: report of a WHO Regional Office for Europe study in 17 European countries. Fam Pract. 1992;9:255–62. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
Page created: July 19, 2010
Page updated: July 19, 2010
Page reviewed: July 19, 2010
The conclusions, findings, and opinions expressed by authors contributing to this journal do not necessarily reflect the official position of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, the Public Health Service, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, or the authors' affiliated institutions. Use of trade names is for identification only and does not imply endorsement by any of the groups named above.