Volume 10, Number 4—April 2004
Perspective
Reanalyzing the 1900–1920 Sleeping Sickness Epidemic in Uganda
Figure 3
References
- Langlands BW. The sleeping sickness epidemic of Uganda, 1900-1920: a study in historical geography. Occasional Paper No. 1. Kampala: Makerere University College, 1967.
- Köerner T, de Raadt P, Maudlin I. The 1901 Uganda sleeping sickness epidemic revisited: a case of mistaken identity? Parasitol Today. 1995;11:303–5. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
- Gibson W. More on sleeping sickness in Uganda (Letters). Parasitol Today. 1996;12:40. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
- Cook JH. Notes on cases of "sleeping sickness" occurring in the Uganda Protectorate. J Trop Med. 1901;4:236–9.
- Cook JH. Sleeping sickness in Uganda. J Trop Med. 1902;5:49–50.
- Bruce D, Nabarro D. Progress report on sleeping sickness in Uganda. Reports of the Sleeping Sickness Commission of the Royal Society. 1903;1:11–88.
- Christy C. The epidemiology and etiology of sleeping sickness in Equatorial East Africa, with clinical observations. Reports of the Sleeping Sickness Commission of the Royal Society. 1903;3:2–32.
- Bruce D. Preliminary report on the tsetse fly disease or Nagana in Zululand. Durban, South Africa: Bennett and Davis;1895.
- Dutton JE. Note on a Trypanosoma occurring in the blood of man. BMJ. 1902;2:881–4.
- Manson P. A clinical lecture on the sleeping sickness. J Trop Med. 1898;1:121–8.
- Stephens JWW, Fantham HB. On the peculiar morphology of a trypanosome from a case of sleeping sickness and the possibility of its being a new species (T. rhodesiense). Ann Trop Med Parasitol. 1910;4:343–50.
- MacKichan IW. Rhodesian sleeping sickness in eastern Uganda. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 1944;38:49–60. DOIGoogle Scholar
- Duke HL. Tsetse flies and trypanosomiasis: some questions suggested by the later history of the sleeping sickness epidemic in Uganda Protectorate. Parasitology. 1918;11:415–29. DOIGoogle Scholar
- Morris KRS. The movement of sleeping sickness across Central Africa. J Trop Med Hyg. 1963;66:59–76.
- Castellani A. Presence of Trypanosoma in sleeping sickness. Reports of the Sleeping Sickness Commission of the Royal Society. 1903;1:3–10.
- Dutton JE, Todd JL. First report of the Trypanosomiasis expedition to Senegambia. Memoirs Liv Sch Trop Med. 1903;XI:1–57.
- Bruce D, Nabarro D, Greig EDW. Further report on sleeping sickness in Uganda. Reports of the Sleeping Sickness Commission of the Royal Society. 1903;4:2–88.
- Lyons M. The Colonial disease: a social history of sleeping sickness in northern Zaire, 1900-1940. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press;1992.
- Fèvre EM, Coleman PG, Odiit M, Magona JW, Welburn SC, Woolhouse MEJ. The origins of a new Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense sleeping sickness outbreak in eastern Uganda. Lancet. 2001;358:625–8. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
- Apted FIC. Clinical manifestations and diagnosis of sleeping sickness. In: Mulligan HW, Potts WH, Kershaw WE, eds. The African Trypanosomiases. London: George Allen and Unwin;1970.
- Odiit M, Kansiime F, Enyaru JCK. Duration of symptoms and case fatality of sleeping sickness caused by Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense in Tororo, Uganda. East Afr Med J. 1997;74:792–5.PubMedGoogle Scholar
- Taelman H, Schechter PJ, Marcelis L, Sonnet J, Kazyumba G, Dasnoy J, Difluoromethylornithine, an effective new treatment of Gambian trypanosomiasis. Results in five patients. Am J Med. 1987;82:607–14. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
- Hodges A. Sleeping sickness and Filaria perstans in Busoga and its neighbourhood, Uganda Protectorate. J Trop Med. 1902;5:293–300.
- Cook A. How sleeping sickness came to Uganda. East Afr Med J. 1940;17:408–13.
- Adams JH, Haller L, Boa FY, Doua F, Dago A, Konian K. Human African trypanosomiasis (T.b. gambiense): a study of 16 fatal cases of sleeping sickness with some observations on acute reactive arsenical encephalopathy. Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol. 1986;12:81–94. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
- Thomas HW, Breinl A. Report on trypanosomes, trypanosomiasis and sleeping sickness. Memoirs of the Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine. 1905;XVI:1–95.
- Yorke W. Recent work on the treatment of sleeping sickness: a critical review. Trop Dis Bull. 1921;18:155–74.
- Kirchhoff LV. Use of a PCR assay for diagnosing African trypanosomiasis of the CNS: a case report. Cent Afr J Med. 1998;44:134–6.PubMedGoogle Scholar
- Petru AM, Azimi PH, Cummins SK, Sjoerdsma A. African sleeping sickness in the United States. Successful treatment with eflornithine. Am J Dis Child. 1988;142:224–8.PubMedGoogle Scholar
- Robinson B, Clark RM, King JF, Hurt B, Mohr JA. Chronic Gambian trypanosomiasis. South Med J. 1980;73:516–8.PubMedGoogle Scholar
- Otte JA, Nouwen JL, Wismans PJ, Beukers R, Vroon HJ, Stuiver PC. [African sleeping sickness in The Netherlands]. Ned Tijdschr Geneeskd. 1995;139:2100–4.PubMedGoogle Scholar
- Benhamou PH, Chandenier J, Schechter PJ, Epelbaum S, Tell GP, Haegele KD, Trypanosomiase africaine de l'enfant traitée par éflornithine: un cas. Presse Med. 1989;18:1199–202.PubMedGoogle Scholar
- Parmar MKB, Machin D. Survival analysis: a practical approach. Chichester: John Wiley and Sons;1995.
- Welburn SC, Picozzi K, Fèvre EM, Coleman PG, Odiit M, Carrington M, Identification of human-infective trypanosomes in animal reservoir of sleeping sickness in Uganda by means of serum-resistance-associated (SRA) gene. Lancet. 2001;358:2017–9. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
- Jamonneau V, Garcia A, Ravel S, Cuny G, Oury B, Solano PN, Genetic characterization of Trypanosoma brucei gambiense and clinical evolution of human African trypanosomiasis in Cote d'Ivoire. Trop Med Int Health. 2002;7:610–21. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
- Low GC, Castellani A. Report on sleeping sickness from its clinical aspects. Reports of the Sleeping Sickness Commission of the Royal Society. 1903;2:14–63.
- Anon. Sleeping Sickness News: Uganda. Sleeping Sickness Bureau Bulletin. 1909;1:314–9.
- Ford J. The role of the Trypanosomiases in African ecology: a etudy of the Tsetse fly problem. Oxford: Clarendon Press;1971.
- Rossiter PB. Rinderpest. In: Coetzer JAW, Thomson GR, Tustin RC, editors. Infectious diseases of livestock : with special reference to southern Africa. Cape Town: Oxford University Press;1994.
- Tilley A, Welburn SC, Fèvre EM, Feil EJ, Hide G. Trypanosoma brucei: trypanosome strain typing using PCR analysis of Mobile Genetic Elements (MGE-PCR). Exp Parasitol. 2003;104:26–32. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
- Hide G, Angus SD, Holmes PH, Maudlin I, Welburn SC. Trypanosoma brucei: Comparison of circulating strains in an endemic and an epidemic area of a sleeping sickness focus. Exp Parasitol. 1998;89:21–9. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
Page created: February 09, 2011
Page updated: February 09, 2011
Page reviewed: February 09, 2011
The conclusions, findings, and opinions expressed by authors contributing to this journal do not necessarily reflect the official position of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, the Public Health Service, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, or the authors' affiliated institutions. Use of trade names is for identification only and does not imply endorsement by any of the groups named above.