Volume 11, Number 6—June 2005
Research
International Salmonella Typhimurium DT104 Infections, 1992–2001
, Steen Ethelberg*, Kåre Mølbak*, and the DT104 study group
Table 2
Number (regional level) and proportion (%) of multidrug resistance and definitive phage type 104 (DT104) in Salmonella Typhimurium in 29 countries participating in the international DT104 survey*
| Subregion/country | % MDR, % DT104 (% DT104 that are MDR) |
||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1992–1993 | 1994–1995 | 1996–1997 | 1998–1999 | 2000–2001 | |
| Northern Europe† | 479; 2,802; 2,143† | 910; 7,590; 6,629 | 1,190; 8,345; 7,520 | 1,729; 4,698; 2,969 | 1,380; 3,270; 824 |
| England + Wales | NA, 22.6 (75.5) | NA, 54.5 (87.0) | NA, 67.5 (94.0) | NA, 57.1 (92.0) | NA, 42.3 (NA) |
| Ireland | 40.3, 38.9 (82.5) | 66.8, 61.2 (90.9) | 76.1, 70.0 (92.6) | 70.7, 65.4 (92.3) | 63.3, 45.2 (90.6) |
| Scotland | 75.0, 63.1 (73.6) | 79.7, 56.3 (89.8) | |||
| Denmark | 1.5, 1.5 (69.2) | 5.0, 3.0 (80.8) | 21.9, 15.8 (93.5) | 23.1, 12.7 (91.5) | |
| Finland | NA, 4.7 (61.0) | NA, 10.5 (83.3) | NA, 11.5 (78.0) | NA, 11.4 (87.2) | 34.8, 27.9 (95.5) |
| Latvia | 79.7, NA (NA) | 63.2, NA (NA) | |||
| Norway | 24.5, NA (NA) | 22.0, 12.6 (100.0) | 32.0, 24.0 (95.5) | ||
| Sweden | NA, 25.3 (NA) | NA, 22.3 (NA) | NA, 23.7 (NA) | ||
| Western Europe† | 2,807; 885; 609† | 5,242; 1,944; 1,519 | 8,407; 6,346; 5,308 | 7,782; 5,347; 4,539 | 10,048; 7,626; 6,377 |
| Austria | NA, 17.0 (NA) | NA, 14.6 (NA) | 13.7, 32.7 (70.6) | 13.1, 28.9 (67.5) | 35.8, 29.6 (82.1) |
| Belgium | 39.6, 27.0 (79.9) | ||||
| Germany | 14.3, 3.1 (89.3) | 30.2, 9.2 (91.7) | 44.3, 32.1 (87.1) | 49.0, 32.1 (86.2) | 57.1, 44.0 (84.7) |
| Luxembourg | 11.0, NA (NA) | 26.9, NA (NA) | 43.2, NA (NA) | 55.0, NA (NA) | 58.1, NA (NA) |
| Netherlands | 10.3, 6.7 (81.5) | 8.9, 15.3 (43.1) | 26.3, 23.5 (78.1) | 29.5, 29.6 (79.8) | 33.9, 37.2 (80.8) |
| Switzerland | 48.8, 28.5 (100.0) | ||||
| Eastern Europe† | NA; 1,034; NA | 117; 2,020; 117 | 778; 1,902; 732 | 889; 1,182; 764 | |
| Czech Republic | 5.8, 57.3 (10.1) | 11.7, 43.9 (26.1) | 28.5, 47.1 (54.6) | ||
| Hungary | NA, 48.9 (NA) | NA, 60.4 (NA) | 33.0, 62.2 (84.0) | 54.1, 57.7 (77.3) | |
| Southern Europe† | 121; 612; NA† | 166; 1,206; NA | 1,126; 3,070; 222 | 112; 1,771; NA | 1,360; 1,296; 674 |
| Greece | 18.1, NA (NA) | 61.6, NA (NA) | 44.8, NA (NA) | 39.2, NA (NA) | 26.3, NA (NA) |
| Malta | 83.6, NA (NA) | 22.5, NA (NA) | 20.0, NA (NA) | 57.1, NA (NA) | 4.3, NA (NA) |
| Spain | NA, 37.1 (NA) | NA, 26.0 (NA) | 34.6, 20.2 (80.4) | NA, 23.4 (NA) | 45.0, 18.3 (65.0) |
| Israel‡ | NA, 59.5 (NA) | NA, 89.6 (NA) | NA, 67.7 (NA) | 85.6, 73.9 (97.7) | |
| North America† | NA; 506; NA† | 3,507; 755; 237 | 9,045; 4,209; 3,265 | 8,315; 4,466; 3,528 | 6,748; 930; 785 |
| Canada | NA, 17.7 (NA) | NA, 27.3 (42.5) | 16.2, 46.1 (51.8) | 44.1, 43.8 (82.3) | 47.8, 35.5 (84.4) |
| USA | 19.8, NA (NA) | 45.7, 29.1 (92.6) | 40.5, 34.0 (77.4) | 39.0, NA (NA) | |
| Caribbean region† | 0; NA; NA | 0; NA; NA | 0; NA; NA | ||
| Caribbean | 0.0, NA (NA) | 0.0, NA (NA) | 0.0, NA (NA) | ||
| South America† | 1; NA; NA | 7; NA; NA | 52; NA; NA | 97; NA; NA | |
| Brazil | 0.5, NA (NA) | 4.0, NA (NA) | 13.0, NA (NA) | 13.0, NA (NA) | |
| Southern Africa† | 74; NA; NA | ||||
| South Africa | 11.2, NA (NA) | ||||
| Eastern Asia† | NA; 32; 32† | NA; 43; 43 | 62; 112; 111 | 44; 121; 121 | 37; 68; 68 |
| Japan | NA, 2.1 (100.0) | NA, 3.1 (100.0) | NA, 8.8 (100.0) | NA, 13.7 (100.0) | NA, 9.8 (100.0) |
| Republic of Korea | 14.3, 22.2 (97.8) | 7.8, 3.2 (100.0) | 13.7, 2.2 (100.0) | ||
| Oceania† | 100; 13; 12† | 114; 9; 8 | 80; 4; 4 | 95; 16; 16 | 163; 38; 27 |
| Australia | 3.8, 0.1 (100.0) | 2.7, NA (NA) | 1.5, NA (NA) | 1.8, 0.2 (100.0) | 3.2, 0.7 (68.6) |
| New Zealand | NA, 0.8 (91.7) | NA, 0.5 (88.9) | NA, 0.3 (100.0) | NA, 0.4 (100.0) | NA, 0.1 (100.0) |
*MDR, multidrug-resistant; NA, data not available. The table also shows the % MDR DT104 of all DT104 strains.
†No. of MDR; no. of DT104; and no. of DT104 that are MDR.
‡According to the United Nations classification, Israel belongs to the western Asian region. In this study, Israel has been grouped with southern European countries.
1Data for this survey were contributed by the DT104 study group, which consisted of the following: Diane Lightfoot and J. Powling, Australia; Christian Berghold and Christian Kornshober, Austria; Ingrid Wybo, J.M. Collard, and C. Godard, Belgium; Dalia dos Prazeres Rodrigues, Eliane Moura Falavina dos Reis, and Erica L. Fonseca, Brazil; Kathryn Doré, James Flint, Frank Pollari, Rafiq Ahmed, and Walter Demczuk, Canada; James Hospedales, Denise Clarke, and Michelle Nurse-Lucas, Caribbean Region; Renata Karpiskova, The Czech Republic; Peter Gerner-Smidt, Denmark; Noël Gill, Sarah O'Brien, and John Threlfall, England and Wales; Anja Siitonen and Susanna Lukinmaa, Finland; Wolfgang Rabsch, Germany; Panayotis T. Tassios, Leonidas S. Tzouvelekis, and Takis Panagiotopoulos, Greece; Judit Pàszti and Noelni Nógrády, Hungary; Barbara Foley, Martin Cormican, and Paul McKeown, Ireland; Nahum Andorn and Ruti Yishai, Israel; Haruo Watanabe and Hidemasa Izumiya, Japan; Bok Kwon Lee and Shukho Kim, Republic of Korea; J. Selga and J. Jansone, Latvia; Joel Mossong and François Schneider, Luxembourg; Julie Haider and Paul Cuschieri, Malta; Wilfrid van Pelt, Netherlands; Helen Heffernan and Carolyn Nicol, New Zealand; Karin Nygård and Trine Lise Stavnes, Norway; B.L. Cherkasskiy, Russian Federation; Lynda Browning and John Coia, Scotland; Karen Helena Keddy and Tersia Kruger, Republic of South Africa; Miquel Anger Usera, Spain; Agneta Olsson, Sweden; Patrick Boerlin, Switzerland; Timothy Barrett, Frederick J. Angulo, and Jennifer E. Stevenson, USA.