Volume 11, Number 7—July 2005
Research
Risk Factors for Pediatric Invasive Group A Streptococcal Disease
, Orin S. Levine*, Lee H. Harrison‡, Monica M. Farley§, Allison McGeer¶, Tami H. Skoff*, Carolyn Wright*, Benjamin Schwartz*, and Anne Schuchat*
Table 2
Individual and multivariable analysis for risk factors for invasive group A streptococcal disease among case-patients and controls*
| Variable | Case-patients (N = 38) (%) | Controls (N = 78) (%) | Individual analysis |
Multivariable analysis |
||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| OR (95% CI) | p value | OR (95% CI) | p value | |||
| No. persons in home (mean) | 4.42 | 4.02 | 1.28 (.91–1.78)† | 0.15 | ||
| Live in single-family home | 23 (62) | 59 (76) | 0.49 (0.21–1.16) | 0.11 | ||
| No. rooms in home (mean) | 6.39 | 7.27 | 0.81 (0.66–0.99)‡ | 0.04 | 0.67 (0.51–0.88)‡ | 0.03 |
| No. smokers in home | ||||||
| 0 | 21 (57) | 53 (68) | 1.43 (0.87–2.32)§ | 0.16 | ||
| 1 | 9 (24) | 16 (21) | ||||
| 2 | 6 (16) | 7 (9) | ||||
| 3 | 1 (3) | 2 (3) | ||||
| Primary caretaker is a smoker | 11 (30) | 13 (17) | 2.71 (1.02–7.21) | .05 | ||
| ≥1 other child <18 years living in the home | 33 (87) | 43 (56) | 5.76 (1.95–16.96) | .002 | 16.85 (3.90–72.84) | 0.0002 |
| ≥1 other person in the household with a cough | 4 (11) | 17 (22) | 0.40 (0.12–1.32) | 0.13 | ||
| ≥1 other person in the household with a runny nose | 4 (11) | 26 (34) | 0.25 (0.08–0.80) | 0.02 | 0.09 (0.01–0.40) | 0.002 |
| HIV-positive | 1 (3) | 0 | Undefined | 0.99 | ||
| Eczema | 8 (21) | 16 (21) | 0.99 (0.38–2.64) | 0.99 | ||
| Varicella-zoster virus infection | 3 (8) | 0 | Undefined | 0.99 | ||
| Vaccinated with varicella-zoster virus vaccine | 12 (46) | 26 (47) | 0.93 (0.36–2.40) | 0.88 | ||
| New use of NSAIDs | 9 (24) | 7 (9) | 3.15 (1.07–9.29) | 0.04 | 10.64 (2.08–54.61) | 0.005 |
| Use of corticosteroids | 1 (3) | 2 (3) | 0.93 (0.08–11.02) | 0.95 | ||
| Parent/guardian education | ||||||
| Some HS | 4 (11) | 3 (4) | 0.69 (0.51–0.91) | 0.01 | ||
| HS graduate or GED | 12 (32) | 13 (17) | ||||
| Technical school | 2 (5) | 5 (6) | ||||
| Some college | 10 (26) | 23 (29) | ||||
| College graduate | 7 (18) | 23 (29) | ||||
| Postgraduate study or professional | 2 (5) | 10 (13) | ||||
| Household income | ||||||
| <$15,000 | 7 (21) | 2 (3) | 0.70 (0.48–1.01) | 0.06 | ||
| $15,001–$30,000 | 8 (24) | 11 (18) | ||||
| $30,001–$45,000 | 4 (12) | 13 (22) | ||||
| $45,001–$60,000 | 6 (18) | 17 (28) | ||||
| ≥$60,001 | 9 (26) | 17 (28) | ||||
| Ever breastfed¶ | 0 | 12 (71) | 0 (Undefined) | 1.00 | ||
*Data were not available for all variables for all case-patients and controls. Analyses controlled for race and sex. OR, odds ratio; CI, confidence interval; NSAID, nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drug; HS, high school; GED, general equivalency diploma.
†Increase in risk with each additional person living in home. Persons living in the home were evaluated as a continuous variable in conditional logistic regression.
‡Decrease in risk with each additional room in home. Rooms were evaluated as a continuous variable in conditional logistic regression.
§Increase in risk with each additional smoker in home. Smokers in the home were evaluated as a continuous variable in conditional logistic regression.
¶Question asked only of children <2 years of age; 8 case-patients and 17 controls were <2 years. Because none of the case-patients were breastfed, the calculated OR = 0, and the confidence interval is not defined.