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Volume 11, Number 7—July 2005
Research

Norovirus Recombination in ORF1/ORF2 Overlap

Rowena Bull*, Grant S. Hansman†, Leighton E. Clancy*‡, Mark M. Tanaka*, William D. Rawlinson*‡, and Peter A. White*Comments to Author 
Author affiliations: *University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia; †University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan; ‡Prince of Wales Hospital, Randwick, New South Wales, Australia

Main Article

Table

Norovirus (NoV) recombinant strains and their close relatives

Prototype NoV recombinant strain (ref.)* Sequence length
 Parental strain‡
 Genotype of recombinant§
 Related strains (>96%)
RdRp† Capsid RdRp† Capsid RdRp† Capsid Breakpoint¶ Isolate name Accession no. (ref.)
Arg320/1995/AR (12) 872 1647 Lordsdale New Orleans/279 novel GII.3 4981 Sydney 2212 AY588132 (this study)
Sydney C14/02/AU (this study) 420 550 Hawaii Mexico novel GII.3 5108 Bad Berleberg AF409067
Herzberg AF539439
Oberhausen 455 AF539440
Paris Island AY652979
OS120458 AB071035
Picton/2003/AU (this study) 420 550 Pont de Roide AY682549 Richmond novel GII.1 5039 Gourdon 78 AY580335
Saitama U1/02/JP (10) 1527 1666 Lordsdale Hawaii GII.4 GII.12 5038 Honolulu AF414420
gifu 96 AB045603
Schwerin AF397905
9912-02F AB044366 (13)
Mc37/03/TH (11) 1527 1647 Lordsdale New Orleans/306 GII.4 GII.10 5108 Vietnam 026 AF504671 (13)
Vietnam 0703 AY237442 (13)
Snow Mountain 1/76/US (9) 420 1629 Hawaii Melksham novel GII.2 4981 None found NA
E3/1997/Crete (unpub.) 872 564 Lordsdale Melksham GII.4 GII.2 5068 None found NA
VannesL23/1999/FR (unpub.) 815 576 MOH Richmond GII.5 GII.1/GII.12 5039 Tiffin AY502010
S63/1999/FR (unpub.) 872 576 Melksham MOH GII.2 GII.5 5117 None found
WUGI/02/JP AB081723 (10) 3370 1620 Southampton/91 L07418 BS5 AF093797 GI.4 GI.2 5359 None found

*All strains belong to genogroup II except for WUGI/02/JP, which belongs to genogroup I.
†RdRp, RNA-dependent RNA polymerase.
‡Strain used to determine breakpoint, closest matching strain in the database where enough sequence data were available for analysis. GenBank accession nos. are in Figure 1 unless stated.
§For NoV GI (strain WUGI/02/JP), the classification system of Katayama et al. (10) was used; for GII (all other strains), the classification system of Vinjé et al. (23) was used. Closely related sequences are underlined.
¶Breakpoint determined by using the method of Smith (20) relative to Lordsdale nucleotide position for NoV GII (open reading frame [ORF]1/ORF2 overlap 5085–5104) and Norwalk for NoV GI (ORF1/ORF2 overlap 5358–5374). p value <0.0001.

Main Article

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