Skip directly to site content Skip directly to page options Skip directly to A-Z link Skip directly to A-Z link Skip directly to A-Z link
Volume 12, Number 10—October 2006
Research

Human Rotavirus G9 and G3 as Major Cause of Diarrhea in Hospitalized Children, Spain

Alicia Sánchez-Fauquier*Comments to Author , Vanessa Montero*, Silvia Moreno*, Monica Solé*, Javier Colomina†, Miren Iturriza-Gomara‡, Ana Revilla*, Isabel Wilhelmi§, Jim Gray†, and Gegavi/VIGESS-Net Group
Author affiliations: *Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain; †Hospital La Ribera, Alzira, Valencia, Spain; ‡Centre for Infections Health Protection Agency, London, UK; §Hospital Severo Ochoa, Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain

Main Article

Table 5

Predominant cocirculating rotavirus strains, Spain, 1996–2006*

Rotavirus
G-type(s) Year, %
 Average (%)
(n = 1,598)
1996–1997†
(n = 322) 1998–1999‡
(n = 141) 1999–2000‡
(n = 86) 2000–2001‡
(n = 200) 2001–2002‡
(n = 149) 2002–2003§
(n = 102) 2003–2004§
(n = 141) 2004-2005§
(n = 105) 2005–2006
(n = 352)
G1 alone 68 18 27 70 79 79 79.5 50 17.1 54
G2 alone 0 1 9 23 17 16 1 11 5 9
G3 alone 2 1 12 0 0 0 17 7 24 7
G4 alone 29 68 39 3 1 0 0 26 0.6 19
G9 alone 0 11 13 3 2 3 1 5.4 39.5 9
G1+G2 0 0 0 0 1 0 1.5 0.2 1.1 0
G1+G4 1 1 0 1 0 2 0 0.4 0 1
G1+G9 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1.1 0
G1+G3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.3 0
G2+G9 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.8 0
G3+G9 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 7.7 1
Undet.¶ 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2.8 0
Total samples
 322
 141
 86
 200
 149
 102
 141
 105
 362
 1,608
*χ2 test showed annual variations in G1, G2, G3, G4, and G9 prevalence rotavirus types and in G3 + G9 mixed infections (χ2 = 15.50 with 8 degrees of freedom, p>0.95).
†Adapted from Reference 11.
‡Adapted from Reference 17.
§Adapted from Reference 18.
¶Undet., undetermined.

Main Article

References
  1. Parashar  UD, Gibson  CJ, Bresse  JS, Glass  RI. Rotavirus and severe childhood diarrhea. Emerg Infect Dis. 2006;12:304–6.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  2. Glass  RI, Bresee  JS, Parashar  U, Turcios  R, Fischer  TK, Jiang  B, Rotavirus vaccines: past, present, and future. Arch Pediatr. 2005;12:844–7. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  3. Kapikian  AZ, Hoshino  Y, Chanock  RM. Rotaviruses. In: Knipe DM, Howley, PM, editors. Fields virology. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams and Wilkins; 2001. p. 1787–833.
  4. Desselberger  U, Wolleswinkel-van den Bosch  J, Mrukowicz  J, Rodrigo  C, Giaquinto  C, Vesikari  T. Rotavirus types in Europe and their significance for vaccination. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2006;25(Suppl):S30–41. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  5. Santos  N, Hoshino  Y. Global distribution of rotavirus serotypes/genotypes and its implication for the development and implementation of an effective rotavirus vaccine. Rev Med Virol. 2005;15:29–56. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  6. Gouvea  V, de Castro  L, Timenetsky  MC, Greenberg  H, Santos  N. Rotavirus serotype G5 associated with diarrhea in Brazilian children. J Clin Microbiol. 1994;32:1408–9.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  7. Leite  JP, Alfieri  AA, Woods  PA, Glass  RI, Gentsch  JR. Rotavirus G and P types circulating in Brazil: characterization by RT-PCR, probe hybridization, and sequence analysis. Arch Virol. 1996;141:2365–74. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  8. Ramachandran  M, Das  BK, Vij  A, Kumar  R, Bhambal  SS, Kesari  N, Unusual diversity of human rotavirus G and P genotypes in India. J Clin Microbiol. 1996;34:436–9.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  9. Iturriza Gomara  M, Kang  G, Mammen  A, Jana  AK, Abraham  M, Desselberger  U, Characterization of G10P[11] rotaviruses causing acute gastroenteritis in neonates and infants in Vellore, India. J Clin Microbiol. 2004;42:2541–7. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  10. Cunliffe  NA, Gondwe  JS, Broadhead  RL, Molyneux  ME, Woods  PA, Bresee  JS, Rotavirus G and P types in children with acute diarrhea in Blantyre, Malawi, from 1997 to 1998: predominance of novel P[6]G8 strains. J Med Virol. 1999;57:308–12. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  11. Sánchez-Fauquier  A, Wilhelmi  I, Colomina  J, Cubero  E, Roman  E. Diversity of group A human rotavirus types circulating over a 4-year period in Madrid, Spain. J Clin Microbiol. 2004;42:1609–13. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  12. Buesa  J, de Souza  CO, Asensi  M, Martinez  C, Prat  J, Gil  MT. VP7 and VP4 genotypes among rotavirus strains recovered from children with gastroenteritis over a 3-year period in Valencia, Spain. Eur J Epidemiol. 2000;16:501–6. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  13. Cilla  G, Perez-Trallero  E, Lopez-Lopategui  MC, Gilsetas  A, Gomariz  M. Incidence, seasonality and serotypes of rotavirus in Gipuzkoa (Basque Country), Spain. A 14-year study. Epidemiol Infect. 2000;125:677–83. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  14. Roman  E, Wilhelmi  I, Colomina  J, Villar  J, Cilleruelo  ML, Nebreda  V, Acute viral gastroenteritis: proportion and clinical relevance of multiple infections in Spanish children. J Med Microbiol. 2003;52:435–40. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  15. Dalton  RM, Roman  ER, Negredo  AA, Wilhelmi  ID, Glass  RI, Sánchez-Fauquier  A. Astrovirus acute gastroenteritis among children in Madrid, Spain. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2002;21:1038–41. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  16. Sánchez-Fauquier  A, Wilhelmi  I, Roman  E, Colomina  J, Montero  V, Negredo  A. Surveillance of human calicivirus in Spain. Emerg Infect Dis. 2005;11:1327–9.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  17. Wilhelmi  I, Mier  C, Roman  E, Colomina  J, Prat  J, Sánchez-Fauquier  A. The molecular epidemiology of the rotavirus in Spanish children: The Rotavirus Study Group (GER). Enferm Infecc Microbiol Clin. 1999;17:509–14.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  18. Sánchez-Fauquier  A. Changing epidemiology of rotavirus diarrhea in Spain. 1st European Rotavirus Biology Meeting; 2005 Apr 24–26; Paris, France.
  19. Zhou  Y, Supawadee  J, Khamwan  C, Tonusin  S, Peerakome  S, Kim  B, Characterization of human rotavirus serotype G9 isolated in Japan and Thailand from 1995 to 1997. J Med Virol. 2001;65:619–28. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  20. Khamrin  P, Peerakome  S, Wongsawasdi  L, Tonusin  S, Sornchai  P, Maneerat  V, Emergence of human G9 rotavirus with an exceptionally high frequency in children admitted to hospital with diarrhea in Chiang Mai, Thailand. J Med Virol. 2006;78:273–80. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  21. Santos  N, Volotao  EM, Soares  CC, Campos  GS, Sardi  SI, Hoshino  Y. Predominance of rotavirus genotype G9 during the 1999, 2000, and 2002 seasons among hospitalized children in the city of Salvador, Bahia, Brazil: implications for future vaccine strategies. J Clin Microbiol. 2005;43:4064–9. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  22. Zhou  Y, Li  L, Okitsu  S, Maneekarn  N, Ushijima  H. Distribution of human rotaviruses, especially G9 strains, in Japan from 1996 to 2000. Microbiol Immunol. 2003;47:591–9.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  23. Iturriza-Gomara  M, Kang  G, Gray  J. Rotavirus genotyping: keeping up with an evolving population of human rotaviruses. J Clin Virol. 2004;31:259–65. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  24. Vesikari  T, Matson  DO, Dennehy  P, Van Damme  P, Santosham  M, Rodriguez  Z, Safety and efficacy of a pentavalent human-bovine (WC3) reassortant rotavirus vaccine. N Engl J Med. 2006;354:23–33. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  25. Ruiz-Palacios  GM, Perez-Schael  I, Velazquez  FR, Abate  H, Breuer  T, Clemens  SC, Safety and efficacy of an attenuated vaccine against severe rotavirus gastroenteritis. N Engl J Med. 2006;354:11–22. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  26. Hoshino  Y, Kapikian  AZ. Rotavirus serotypes: classification and importance in epidemiology, immunity, and vaccine development. J Health Popul Nutr. 2000;18:5–14.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  27. Jiang  B, Gentsch  JR, Glass  R. The role of serum antibodies in the protection against rotavirus disease: an overview. Clin Infect Dis. 2002;34:1351–61. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar

Main Article

1Gegavi/VIGESS-Net Group members: A. Sánchez-Fauquier, V. Montero, S. Moreno, A. Potente, F. Adam, J.C. Sanz, J. Colomina, S. Llanes, F. Gimeno, C. Gutiérrez, C. Sainz de Baranda, M.J. López, P. Teno, E. Roman, M. Alonso, M. Marugán, I. Fernández, I. Wilhelmi, M.L. Cilleruelo

Page created: November 10, 2011
Page updated: November 10, 2011
Page reviewed: November 10, 2011
The conclusions, findings, and opinions expressed by authors contributing to this journal do not necessarily reflect the official position of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, the Public Health Service, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, or the authors' affiliated institutions. Use of trade names is for identification only and does not imply endorsement by any of the groups named above.
file_external